This research investigates the enhancement of cotton fabrics with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and pomegranate peel extract to improve their flame retardancy and self-cleaning properties. Cotton fabrics are widely valued for their comfort, breathability, and affordability, but there is a growing demand for high-performance textiles, particularly for safety and functional applications. Traditional methods for enhancing cotton fabric properties often involve the use of environmentally harmful chemical treatments. TiO2 nanoparticles, known for their excellent photocatalytic properties, offer a sustainable alternative, providing self-cleaning, and antimicrobial effects. When applied to cotton, TiO2 not only improves surface characteristics but also imparts flame retardancy. Pomegranate peel extract, rich in bioactive compounds such as tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, has demonstrated antimicrobial, and flame-retardant properties, further enhancing the performance of the fabric. This study aims to assess the combined effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and pomegranate peel extract on the flame-retardant behaviour, self-cleaning ability, and anti-bacterial activity of cotton fabrics. In addition, the research will explore the environmental sustainability of the proposed treatment by reducing the use of harmful chemicals and promoting eco-friendly textile solutions for a range of applications, including protective workwear and high-performance fashion.