International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Reviews

This paper studies eight large Nasdaq firms looking at board size, board diversity, and constructs of board governance to understand the implications on financial and strategic performance. Data used include the 2024 proxies for board size, women directors and board independence, and the FY 2024 Form 10-K for revenue growth, net income, and total assets and total equity. The representation of women is expressed as the number of women directors divided by the total number of directors. ROA and ROE are calculated by net income divided by average total assets and average total equity, respectively. Sample firms exhibit a mean of 32.29% representation of women on boards and a mean of 84.85% of board independence. The impacts of women representation on ROA, ROE and revenue growth were found to be small and insignificant. The impacts of board independence on ROA and ROE are positive and small, but weak and insignificant. The findings do not support the claim that improving board diversity would lead to better firm performance over a short time. Rather, a best-practices approach to board composition that combines diversity, independence, and governance would be firm-specific and would depend on the industry and the quality of board process.

This paper explores the representation of racism in media and its impact on young women in society. Media, being a powerful tool of communication, significantly shapes public perception and plays a crucial role in reinforcing or challenging racial stereotypes. The portrayal of racial minorities, particularly in news outlets, television, films, and social media, often perpetuates negative stereotypes that contribute to systemic racism. This paper focuses on how such representations influence the self-perception, mental health, and societal participation of young women, especially those from racial minorities. It also addresses the media's role in shaping young women's understanding of race, identity, and social justice. The study emphasizes the importance of creating more inclusive and accurate media portrayals to reduce the adverse effects of racism on young women and promote a more equitable society. In the context of young women, the impact of media on their understanding of race and racism goes beyond personal identity and self-perception; it also influences their worldview and how they engage with social justice issues. As young women navigate their educational and professional environments, their exposure to media representations of race can shape their understanding of racial hierarchies, power structures, and social justice.

We will focus on standard hot Big-Bang models involving rotating viscous fluid leading to new interesting solutions. Their properties will be studied from various respective thereby obtaining new idea and information’s regarding the evolutions of the universe. Investigation will also be made as to when the universe ceased to be radiation-dominated and become matter – dominated, pointing out the advantages of our model over the Friedman model.

Aplastic anemia is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells that reside in it are damaged. This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types (pancytopenia): red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia). Aplastic refers to the inability of the stem cells to generate mature blood cells. This review shows that Homeopathy medicines and treatment for aplastic anemia has proved to be highly effective.

Global warming is no longer merely an environmental or atmospheric phenomenon; it is an increasingly profound anthropological challenge affecting human health, livelihoods, migration, settlement, food systems, cultural practices, social institutions and relations between humans and the environment. Europe provides a particularly significant case because it is the fastest-warming continent, with climate risks increasingly affecting ecosystems, infrastructure, water resources, food and energy security, economies and human health. The European State of the Climate 2025 reports that Europe continued to experience exceptional warming, with heatwaves extending from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, record-high sea-surface temperatures and the largest area burned by wildfires on record. This chapter examines global warming in Europe through an anthropological lens, moving beyond purely technological and economic explanations. It explores how climate change interacts with culture, social inequality, political economy, indigenous and local ecological knowledge, migration, urbanisation, consumption and human adaptation. Drawing upon environmental anthropology, political ecology, cultural ecology, climate anthropology and resilience theory, the chapter argues that Europe cannot “escape” global warming through technological solutions alone. Rather, climate resilience requires a transformation of human-environment relationships, consumption patterns, institutions and cultural values. The chapter proposes an anthropological framework based on mitigation, adaptation, ecological restoration, climate justice, local knowledge, community participation and intergenerational responsibility. It concludes that Europe’s pathway out of the climate crisis must be simultaneously ecological, technological, cultural and ethical. 

Garden or orchard farming, comprising fruit crops such as mango and guava along with allied horticultural produce, has emerged as an important source of livelihood diversification for farmers in the semi-arid tracts of western Uttar Pradesh. This paper examines the economic condition of farmers engaged in garden/orchard cultivation in Hathras district, with a focus on land holding pattern, cropping structure, income levels, and the constraints faced by growers. The study is based on primary data collected from a sample of 150 garden farmers through a structured schedule, supplemented by a comparison group of 150 traditional (field-crop) farmers, and is analysed using descriptive statistics, the independent-samples t-test, Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation, and the chi-square test of association. The results indicate that garden farmers earn a significantly higher mean annual income (₹1,85,000) than traditional crop farmers (₹1,42,000), that farm size is positively and significantly correlated with income (r = 0.62), and that farm-size category is significantly associated with income category (χ² = 61.67, df = 4, p < 0.01). However, inadequate irrigation, exploitation by intermediaries, absence of cold-storage infrastructure, and limited institutional credit continue to constrain the sector. The paper concludes with policy suggestions for strengthening horticultural marketing, credit, and processing infrastructure in the district.

Sustainable employee behaviour has become increasingly important in the retail sector as organizations seek to reduce environmental impacts and integrate sustainability into their everyday operations. Employees play a crucial role in achieving organizational sustainability because their routine decisions and workplace practices directly influence resource consumption, waste management, energy conservation, and the implementation of environmental initiatives. The purpose of conducting this research is to examine the Drivers of Sustainable Employee Behaviour in Retail. The technique used in the study is one sample t-test. It was found that Environmental Awareness, Environmental Knowledge, Employee Attitude towards Sustainability, Organizational Environmental Culture, Management Support, Green Training and Development, Green Rewards and Recognition, Employee Engagement, Green Organizational Policies and Practices, Availability of Sustainable Resources and Facilities, Green Leadership, Peer and Co-worker Influence, Perceived Environmental Responsibility and Workplace Sustainability Motivation are signifiacnt Drivers of Sustainable Employee Behaviour in Retail. The study concludes that an integrated organizational approach combining employee motivation with supportive management practices and appropriate sustainability infrastructure can contribute significantly to strengthening sustainable employee behaviour in retail organizations.

This paper attempts to analyze the political trajectory of the Ao Naga women. The journey of women into the political sphere has been challenging across the globe. In Naga society too, the inclusion of women in politics has been achieved after years of persistent struggle and being secured with their right to participate in politics. Despite traditional Naga society being often described as democratic and republican, it is more often than not governed by customary laws that strictly prohibited women from engaging in political activities by stating that it would infringe on Naga customary laws and tradition as protected under Article 371(A) of the constitution of India. The recent issue of reservation for women in urban local bodies was responsible for the disturbances in the state of Nagaland. After amendment to the constitution in 1992 the central government provides 33% reservation for women in municipalities. However, Nagaland Assembly has passed another Act called, Municipal and Town Council Act in 2001 which opposed reservations in urban local bodies for the Women. However, when it comes to women and politics, the Ao Naga women have limited rights as compared to men in decision making role in the society at large. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to understand the question of whether the Ao Naga community men in Mokokchung town are ready to be flexible in their customary law and allow women’s participation in all political and decision-making processes. 

The introduction of the concessional New Tax Regime under Section 115BAC of the Income Tax Act, 1961, and its designation as the default regime from Assessment Year 2024-25, represents one of the most significant structural changes to India’s personal income tax system in recent years, offering individual taxpayers lower slab rates in exchange for foregoing most exemptions and deductions. This study empirically examines the impact of the New Tax Regime on individual taxpayers, comparing tax liability and taxsaving behaviour between the Old and New regimes. Using a structured questionnaire administered to 386 individual taxpayers selected through stratified convenience sampling, the study collects self-reported tax liability under both regimes and measures a composite Tax-Saving Behaviour Score capturing participation in Section 80C, 80D, HRA, home loan interest, and NPS tax-saving instruments. Paired-samples t-tests, independent-samples ttests, correlation analysis, multiple regression, and chi-square tests are employed to test the hypotheses. Findings indicate that mean tax liability under the New Regime is significantly lower than under the Old Regime across all income slabs (paired t = 18.62, p < 0.05), and that New Regime adopters report a significantly lower Tax-Saving Behaviour Score (mean = 42.8) than those retaining the Old Regime (mean = 71.4, independent t = 21.47, p < 0.05), indicating a measurable decline in tax-linked investment activity. Amount of tax saved and simplicity of compliance emerge as the strongest predictors of regime choice, while complexity of comparative calculation and lack of awareness remain the leading barriers to informed regime evaluation. The study concludes with policy and advisory implications for taxpayers, tax practitioners, and policymakers. 

Northeast India has become a key focus of India's inclusive growth policy. The region, which includes eight states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura – is seeing a rise in entrepreneurial activities backed by various initiatives of the central and state governments like Start-up India, PM-DevINE and NEDFi. But the failure rate of entrepreneurs is still alarmingly high and it is estimated that 60-70% of startups become dormant within three years. Existing literature has focused on financial limitations and infrastructural gaps as the reasons for failure, but this theoretical paper suggests that the key, but under-researched, factor for entrepreneurial sustainability in the region is Human Resource Management. The paper, which integrates four dominant theoretical lenses (Human Capital Theory, Resource Based View, Institutional Theory and Social Capital Theory), proposes a Community-Embedded HRM Model for Entrepreneurial Growth specific to the socio-cultural context of Northeast India. The paper identifies four HRM dimensions - culturally sensitive recruitment and selection, localized and hybrid skill development, community-based retention and welfare, and participative, council-based leadership - as direct drivers of entrepreneurial performance. Affective commitment and innovative work behaviour mediate the relationship, and institutional support moderates the relationship. This paper contributes to theory by situating mainstream HRMentrepreneurship linkage in a collectivist and tribal-dominated context and offers practical implications for entrepreneurs, incubators and policy makers.