Government Ashram Schools play a significant role in providing residential education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) children residing in remote and socio-economically disadvantaged regions of India. Superintendents serve as the key administrative and welfare functionaries responsible for maintaining discipline, ensuring students' safety, supervising hostel management, coordinating educational activities, and implementing government welfare schemes. Despite their crucial role, they frequently encounter occupational challenges such as excessive workload, inadequate infrastructure, staff shortages, limited professional development opportunities, administrative pressures, and psychological stress. These challenges directly affect institutional efficiency and the quality of educational services delivered to tribal students. From a social work perspective, improving the occupational conditions of Superintendents is essential for promoting child welfare, organizational effectiveness, and inclusive educational development. This paper adopts a descriptive research approach based on secondary sources to examine the occupational conditions, administrative responsibilities, workplace challenges, and possible policy interventions for strengthening Government Ashram Schools. 

Tribal communities possess a rich repository of indigenous knowledge that has evolved through centuries of close interaction with the natural environment. This traditional knowledge system plays a significant role in biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization of natural resources, and livelihood security. Nandurbar District of Maharashtra, predominantly inhabited by Bhil, Pawra, Kokna, and other tribal communities, represents an important region where indigenous ecological knowledge continues to influence agriculture, forest management, healthcare, and conservation practices. However, rapid modernization, deforestation, climate change, industrialization, and changing socio-economic conditions have gradually weakened these traditional systems. The present study examines the relationship between tribal knowledge systems, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development from a social work perspective in Nandurbar District. A descriptive research design was adopted using both primary and secondary sources of information. Primary data were collected from 120 tribal respondents through structured interviews and field observations, while secondary data were obtained from books, research articles, government reports, and published literature. The findings indicate that traditional ecological knowledge significantly contributes to the conservation of medicinal plants, water resources, forests, wildlife, and sustainable agricultural practices. Community participation, traditional institutions, and women's involvement were found to be important factors supporting biodiversity conservation. However, declining forest resources, migration, poverty, limited institutional support, and inadequate documentation of indigenous knowledge pose serious challenges to sustainable development. From a social work perspective, community organization, awareness programmes, capacity building, and participatory natural resource management can strengthen biodiversity conservation while improving the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities. The study concludes that integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific approaches and development policies is essential for achieving environmental sustainability and inclusive rural development. 

Because of its long history of competitive party politics, ideological mobilization, robust grassroots organization, and high voter turnout, West Bengal has historically been one of India's most politically significant states. The 2011 and 2016 Assembly elections were a significant turning point in the state's political development. The All India Trinamool Congress (AITC/TMC), led by Mamata Banerjee, won the 2011 election, ending the Left Front's unbroken 34-year hegemony. The 2016 election showed that the political shift started in 2011 had evolved into a major electoral realignment trend rather than just an anti-incumbency incident. By analyzing electoral trends, party competitiveness, voter preferences, leadership, development, welfare, political identity, and the shifting social bases of political parties, this article investigates the shifting political behaviour of the West Bengali electorate between 2011 and 2016. The electoral Commission of India data, academic literature, books, journal articles, and electoral studies are among the secondary sources on which the study is mostly based. According to the report, there was a shift at this time from a party structure that was mostly cantered on the Left to one that was cantered on the TMC. Organizational weariness, shifting societal norms, disputes over industrialization and land acquisition, and the failure to adequately address anti-incumbency sentiment were all linked to the Left's decline. At the same time, the TMC successfully combined leadership-centred politics, anti-Left mobilisation, welfareoriented governance and grassroots political organisation. The 2016 election further confirmed the consolidation of this realignment, although the rise of the BJP as an emerging political force indicated the beginning of another transformation in the state's electoral politics.