This paper will be discussing the debate concerning the views of Dignāga, Dharmakīrti and Mokṣākaragupta. The views of Buddhist scholars have been challenged by Naiyāyikās and this paper shows how in the development of epistemological positions of Buddhist scholars, they have tried to answer the questions raised by the realists and yet maintained the fundamental principle of momentariness in their views. In this epistemological development, this paper will deal with the exposition of the nature of perception and reality while explaining what role arthakriyā plays in this discussion.

Social welfare schemes implemented by the Department of Social Justice play a significant role in promoting inclusive development and improving the socio-economic conditions of Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in India. These schemes focus on education, employment, housing, social security, financial assistance, and the empowerment of marginalized communities. Despite the availability of numerous welfare programmes, disparities in awareness, accessibility, and effective utilization continue to affect their outcomes. The present study examines the contribution of Social Justice Department welfare schemes to the socio-economic development of
BPL families in Jalgaon District from a social work perspective. The study adopts a descriptive research design using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from beneficiaries through a structured interview schedule, while secondary information was obtained from government reports, census publications, books, and research articles published before 2018. The findings indicate that welfare schemes have positively influenced educational opportunities, income generation, access to social security, and the overall quality of life of beneficiaries. However, procedural delays, lack of awareness, inadequate documentation, and limited community participation continue to hinder the effective implementation of these schemes. The study concludes that strengthening awareness programmes, improving administrative efficiency, and enhancing the role of professional social workers can significantly improve the effectiveness of welfare interventions among BPL families.

Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the design, evaluation and use of interactive computer systems that are effective, efficient, accessible and satisfying for diverse users. This study examines the principles, theoretical foundations and practical techniques of HCI, with particular emphasis on user-centred design and usability in webbased and mobile digital services. The study traces the evolution of computing interfaces from machine-centred systems to contemporary human-centred approaches involving graphical interfaces, touch interaction, voice interfaces, mobile computing and artificial intelligence. The research focuses on the interaction between humans, computers and their surrounding physical, social and cultural contexts. It examines important HCI concepts including human perception and cognition, mental models, interaction techniques, feedback, affordances, constraints, mapping, usability and accessibility. Particular attention is given to the Indian digital environment, where users may differ considerably in language, education, digital experience, device capability and connectivity. These factors can significantly influence the accessibility and usability of essential digital services. The study aims to identify common usability problems, evaluate user performance and experience, assess accessibility, and examine the effectiveness of user-centred design and usability evaluation techniques. The research employs heuristic evaluation, structured surveys, task-based usability testing, and accessibility auditing. A redesigned high-fidelity prototype is evaluated against an existing baseline system using measures such as task completion rate, task completion time, error frequency and perceived usability. The study is expected to contribute an integrated framework of HCI principles and practical design recommendations for developing effective, accessible and user-friendly interactive systems. The findings are particularly relevant to public digital services, where improved usability and inclusive design can reduce interaction failures and help ensure equitable access for diverse user groups. 

Kolkata, a metropolitan city in West Bengal has been designated as one of the most polluted cities in the world in terms of ambient air quality. The deteriorated air quality in Kolkata is the outcome of several factors where the vehicular emission has found to be the leading contributor (51.4 per cent) to air pollution followed by industrial emission (24.5 per cent) and dust particles (21.1 per cent) respectively. The limited road spaces, heavy concentration of private motor vehicles, concentration of large number of old vehicles and significant growth of vehicular population are some of the major causes of vehicular emission and resulted pollution in Kolkata. An assessment of vehicular emission have revealed that buses (65 per cent) are the leading contributor of particulate matter which includes large buses with 48.2 per cent and small busses with 17.2 per cent emissions respectively. The major source of emissions of CO and HC are 3 wheelers with 44 per cent and 69 per cent share respectively. Buses are the single largest emitter of oxides of nitrogen accounting for nearly 73 per cent of the fleet emissions. The power generating plants are the biggest industrial source of NOx and SO₂ emissions with 32,232 and 9,964 metric tons per year releasing into the atmosphere. These are also comprises the single largest contributor to NOx and SO2 with 94.2 per cent and 80.5 per cent emissions respectively. Foundry leads to the emission of RPM with 49.4 per cent which was the highest single emitter of RPM followed by brick kilns, power plant coal and battery manufacturing with 17.9 per cent, 14.2 per cent and 11.9 per cent share of emissions respectively. The RPM emission from paved road dust is 45,881 tons per year which is 85 per cent of the total area source of RPM emissions. The other least significant source of air pollution includes open burning of fossil fuel, domestic cooking in slum areas and emission from diesel running trains.