In today's fast-paced world, the instant food sector provides consumers with unmatched convenience by making meal preparation quick and simple, thereby saving time and effort. Furthermore, rapid food products frequently have longer shelf life, which lowers food waste and gives meal planning flexibility. This paper aims to evaluate the packaging strategies used to minimize food waste in the instant food industry. The technique used in this study is the Wilcoxon one-sample signed rank test. The results of the study indicated that Individual portion packaging to reduce overconsumption, Vacuum sealed packaging, Resealable packaging, Date labelling (for better inventory management), Moisture resistant packaging, Sunlight blocking material, Easy open packing to reduce spillage, Biodegradable packaging, Multilayer packaging (enhanced protection), Oxygen absorbing packets and Sustainable packaging are significant strategies used to minimize food waste in the instant food industry.

In research and development, pilot testing is essential because it's the first step towards spotting possible problems before a project is implemented fully. As techniques for larger research are being refined, it helps to guarantee data integrity, effective resource allocation, and stakeholder alignment. The value of pilot testing resides in its capacity to yield insightful data that can enhance the overall structure and results of the project. The purpose of conducting this research is to understand the significance of pilot testing in research and development with the aim to provide future researchers literature a path to go through with ease in their pilot testing endeavours.

Diabetes Mellitus is known to man to be one of the oldest diseases. In 2015, an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide, with type 2 DM making up for about 90% of the cases. This represents 8.3% of the adult population, with equal rates in both women and men. And the trend suggests that it is on the rise. Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. The vascular changes and neuropathy all contribute to changes in to the lower extremity called the diabetic foot. Wound healing involves cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis at cellular and molecular levels. Abnormalities in the factors of wound healing contribute to defective wound healing in diabetic ulcers including decreased growth factor production, angiogenic response, macrophage function, collagen accumulation, epidermal barrier function and keratinocyte and fibroblast migration and proliferation. In diabetes, ulcers fail to re-epithelize properly making them prone to infection. The inter relationship of all these factors results in gangrene and ultimately amputation. Nowadays there are various types of dressings available and these serve a pivotal part in the healing of footulcers. Topical dressings include one of the major modalities of care for diabetic foot ulcers. Different types of moist dressings and topical agents are used today. Conventional dressings respond poorly, thereby increasing hospital stay or total duration of treatment and decreasing the quality of life. Several therapeutic modalities are available to effect wound healing such as skin grafts, hydrocolloid dressings etc. but some may not be economically suitable for the patient. 

Topical Insulin promote wound healing by activating serine-threonine kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway. Insulin stimulates the growth and development of different cell types and affects proliferation, migration, and secretion by keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. There have been numerous animal studies which have successfully proven the efficacy of insulin application locally on wounds. Few human studies have been conducted where insulin was sprayed topically over the wound surface. This doesn’t standardise the amount of insulin actually remaining in contact with the wound. To overcome this, it was decided to infiltrate the wound locally in our study. The purpose of this prospective, randomized study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of local insulin infiltration in management of patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

The study appraises information literacy (IL) and looks at its importance in the legal profession, with a specific focus on legal practitioners in Karnataka. Information literacy, which refers to the ability to identify, locate, evaluate, and use information effectively, is a prime necessity for legal professionals as they navigate the wide assortment of legal resources, including case law, statutes, and digital databases. The study aims to assess the current IL levels among advocates, explore the challenges they face in managing legal information, and understand how IL influences legal research, case preparation, and client representation. A survey methodology has been utilised to collect data from 570 legal practitioners in Karnataka, including advocates, law interns, and research assistants, through structured questionnaires. The key findings highlight that while most legal professionals are confident, to a certain degree, in their IL skills, there remain significant gaps in steering through legal databases and assessing the credibility of legal information. The study also revealed gender differences, where female practitioners, while being more prone to relying on digital tools, also faced more challenges in interpretation of legal information. The research emphasizes the importance of continuous professional training, particularly in digital literacy and legal research techniques, that will help ensure legal professionals are able to efficiently manage information overload while improving the quality of their practice. The study concludes by advocating for greater integration of IL training in both legal education and workplace environments allowing for enhancement of the competency in general, of legal practitioners.

This paper investigates the impact of open data initiatives on government transparency and public trust. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and case studies from various countries, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of open data policies in enhancing government accountability and fostering citizen engagement. The findings imply that while open data initiatives have the potential to improve transparency significantly, the impact on public trust is complex and influenced by multiple factors. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers and public administrators to maximize the benefits of open data initiatives.

Ayurveda is the ancient system of medicinal practice originated in India which includes different types of natural substances in its therapeutic uses, including various geological materials. The historical significance, medicinal applications, and modern controversies over various geological materials such as chapala, vimala, vaikranta, agnijara, kampillaka, and kankushtha hold controversy regarding their proper identification. Swarna-makshika, raupya-makshika, and vimala hold an appreciable place in ayurvedic texts, but their usage is accompanied by controversies and ongoing scientific research. Swarna-makshika, type of makshika, which is golden coloured copper, iron and sulphur containing mineral is used for curing various diseases. At the same time, raupya-makshika another type of makshika, which is considered to be synonymous to vimala in some ayurvedic texts and some ayurvedic texts mentions raupya-makshika and vimala as different entities. Current paper deals with this controversy and tries to solve it on the basis of geological and mineralogical parameters mentioned in ayurvedic texts and standard geology and mineralogy books. Understanding of these minerals and their therapeutic uses, benefits, and risks important for ensuring their safe and effective integration into contemporary healthcare system.

This article examines the complexities of digital transformation in public sector governance. Drawing on recent literature, it explores the challenges faced by government institutions in adopting digital technologies and the opportunities these technologies present for improving public service delivery, citizen engagement, and administrative efficiency. The study synthesizes findings from empirical research, case studies, and theoretical frameworks to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of digital government initiatives and their implications for public administration. The digital advancement of governance presents great potential and challenges in public administration. New technologies must be introduced for digital transformation. Factors enabling benefits include enhancing delivery system efficiency, increasing service accessibility, and being more responsive through data-oriented policy-making. Governments must use digital technologies without sacrificing public sector values, requiring constant change, flexible governance models, and ethical technology utilization. Integrating technology into governance structures lies in harnessing it towards the creation of public value and the building of democracy in a digital world.

As they navigate city streets, autonomous cars will unavoidably collide with people. Research on pedestrian trajectory prediction is crucial for preventing route conflicts with pedestrians. This study summarizes the current public dataset for pedestrian trajectory prediction and compares the performance of various methods. It also examines the pros and cons of depth learning-based trajectory prediction methods. In conclusion, we look forward to the current state of pedestrian trajectory prediction and the difficulties and trends in its growth.

Big data has become more popular as a subject of study in recent years, and its rise has been widespread. The purpose of this work is to use text mining-based analytic techniques along with bibliometrics to capture the scientific structure and subject progression of big data research. From the Dimensions database, bibliographic information on big data journal papers published between 2024 and 2014 was gathered and examined. The findings indicate a notable increase in publications since 2014. The main journals, most referenced papers, most prolific authors, nations, and institutions are all highlighted by the study's findings. Second, an original method for locating and examining key research themes in big data papers was put forward. Each cluster of keywords was identified as a topic once it had been clustered. Additionally, to track the thematic progression, the papers were split into four sub-periods. The topic mapping indicates that big data analytics—which includes techniques, tools, supporting infrastructure, and applications—dominates big data research. Security and privacy are two other essential components of big data research. Big data is mostly generated by social networks and the Internet of things, and cloud computing's resources and services make big data processing and administration much easier

The main topic of our paper is Women in Gender Socialization and Feminism. In India, patriarchal society has played a significant role in gender division. Since women are born with equal rights like men, they have the right to live equally with men. The main theme of feminism is the thought that emerged in the minds of women to live on equal terms with men. There are various flaws in gender socialization. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the issue and change the traditional division of labor between men and women and equal dignity should be given to both men and women. The main purpose of our paper is to analyze gender inequalities. In the course of the time, the increasing violence against women has forced feminists to stand up for women. Domestic violence is the physical and mental abuse of women done by the patriarchal community considering them as the weakest section of society. There are many cases of physical and mental abuse against wives and violence against women for dowry. These problems have arisen due to gender socialization that does not recognize men and women equally in society. This paper attempts to discuss these issues.

Theatre pedagogy, an innovative approach incorporating drama and performance techniques, holds immense potential to transform primary education under the framework of India’s New Education Policy (NEP) 2020. By fostering creativity, critical thinking, socio-emotional learning, and inclusivity, theatre aligns seamlessly with NEP’s emphasis on holistic, multidisciplinary, and experiential learning. This paper explores the intersection of theatre pedagogy and NEP 2020, demonstrating how role-playing, storytelling, and
improvisation enhance student engagement, deepen conceptual understanding, and develop essential life skills such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving. While challenges like limited resources and the scarcity of trained educators persist, strategic interventions—teacher training, curriculum redesign, and resource optimization—can address these barriers. The findings highlight theatre pedagogy as a dynamic tool for bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world applications, fostering an inclusive, student-centred, and skill-based learning environment. The study underscores the potential of theatre to redefine education, making it more creative, empathetic, and aligned with 21st -century demands.

Employability is the collection of abilities, skills, and information that help someone find and keep a job. It includes both technical proficiency and employable soft skills like problem-solving and communication. The increasing number of commerce graduates in the job market has highlighted several challenges in securing employment. Despite having academic qualifications, many graduates struggle to meet employers' expectations due to a lack of relevant skills and practical experience. This study evaluates the challenges faced by commerce graduates in employability (job obtainment). The technique used in the study is one sample t-test. The findings of the study indicated that Skill gap, Poor Soft Skills, Less Confidence in Interviews, Inability to Adapt to Changing Job Roles, and Fear of Taking Initiative are low impact challenges, whereas, Lack of Practical Experience, Intense Competition, Limited Industry-Specific Training, Insufficient Networking, Lack of Technology skills, Over-Reliance on Academic Degrees, and Limited Digital & IT Knowledge are high impact challenges faced by commerce graduates in employability (Job obtainment).

Understanding the level of awareness surrounding these schemes, it becomes possible to identify areas where promotional efforts can be enhanced, leading to increased participation and benefits for the citizens. The study aims to evaluate the awareness of government schemes in North Mumbai Region. The technique applied for the current study is parametric one sample t test. The findings of the study indicated that Rastriya Madhyamika Shiksha Abhiyan, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, National Talent Search Examination, Ekalavya Model Residential Schools, Rastriya Avishkar Abhiyan, Samagra Shiksha, National Program for the Education of Girls at the Elementary Level, Inclusive Education for the Disabled at the secondary stage, and Mahila Samkhya have low awareness. Further studies can be conducted by evaluating challenges and problems faced by students of government school.

Startups are creative, energetic companies with significant growth potential and a requirement for operational agility. When attempting to upend established markets with distinctive goods or services, they frequently run into resource limitations. Graduates in commerce have a solid background in management, finance, and business principles. Many, nevertheless, find it difficult to use these abilities in the fastpaced, unstructured world of startups. The motivation behind this study is to identify the gaps between academic training and real-work startup demands. The purpose of conducting this research is to evaluate the challenges faced by commerce
graduates in startups. The technique used in this study is one sample t-test. The findings of the study indicated that Cash Flow Management, Inefficient Decision-Making, Scaling the Business, Work-life Balance, and Retaining Customers are low impact challenges. However, Limited Initial Capital, Lack of Financial Backup, High Operational Costs, Hiring and Team Building, building a Customer Base, Sales Strategies, Lack of Technical Skills, and Innovation Challenges (Staying unique and creative in a crowded market) are high impact challenges.

The Indian Railways' official online ticketing and catering service provider is Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), which provides e-ticket booking, tatkal reservations, travel packages, and dining services. By facilitating ticket booking and decreasing reliance on actual reservation counters, it has completely transformed train travel. However, despite its benefits, passengers frequently run into problems. Hence, the purpose of this study is to analyze the challenges faced by railway passengers in usage of IRCTC. The technique used in the current study in One Sample t-test. The findings of the study indicated that App crash, Slow loading, Tatkal unavailability, Payment failure, Refund delay, Seat selection issue, Language barrier, Maintenance downtime, Hidden charges, and Poor customer support are significant challenges faced by the railway passengers. It was also seen that Group booking problem, E-ticket error, and Portal linking issue are insignificant challenges.

As environmental concerns grow, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming an essential part of the global transition toward sustainable energy. The purpose of the study is to evaluate factors influencing adoption of EVs among GEN Z.it is seen that GEN Z behaviour is significantly influenced by social norms (Subjective Norms), Attitude towards EVs and Environmental concern also play a key factor influencing adoption of EVs among GEN Z. Further Studies can be conducted incorporating Mediating and Moderating construct in the Existing model.

One way to look at fishing technology is as an academic field that explains different methods. The development of more efficient fishing gear and vessels has allowed for the capture of larger fish stocks with less effort and energy. This article looks at the effects of recent technical developments on the fishing industry, particularly as they pertain to the fishermen of Kerala. The social interactions entrenched in fish feeding systems are an important but understudied part of these changes. Women and other marginalized groups are often left out in the cold when food system revolutions alter power dynamics and reshape gendered economic roles and divisions of labour.

Mainstream historiography in India has traditionally privileged elite political leadership, institutional developments, and dominant social groups, often marginalizing the lived experiences of oppressed communities. In the context of post-Independence Maharashtra, the histories of Dalits, landless laborers, nomadic tribes, and the urban working poor have largely remained outside formal historical narratives. This paper argues that the literary corpus of Annabhau Sathe functions as an alternative archive that documents subaltern history from within, rather than about, marginalized communities. Drawing upon Sathe’s novels, short stories, and folk compositions, the study situates his writings within the broader socio-political transformations of post-1947 Maharashtra, including urbanization, labor mobilization, caste assertion, and the formation of linguistic states. Sathe’s work is examined not merely as creative literature but as a historically grounded testimony of everyday life, resistance, and survival among subaltern groups. His narratives foreground themes of caste oppression, class exploitation, migration, and cultural assertion, offering insights into social realities often absent from official records. The paper employs a subaltern historiographical framework to analyze how Sathe reclaims agency for marginalized subjects and challenges dominant historical representations. Influenced by Marxist thought and progressive cultural movements, Sathe articulates a historical consciousness rooted in labor, dignity, and collective struggle. By integrating oral traditions, folk forms, and lived experience, his writings blur the boundaries between literature and history, thereby expanding the methodological scope of historical Inquiry.

The fundamental principle of democracy depends on citizens exercising their voting rights as equal and free individuals. Rural India exists as a site where the democratic voting rights of citizens encounter substantial challenges to become a reality. The voting process for rural Indian women becomes subject to household and community oversight instead of personal belief because patriarchal authority restricts their electoral choices. The research investigates how patriarchal structures affect the voting decisions of rural Indian women. The analysis examines how kinship ties and caste systems, and class positions work together to restrict women's political decision-making power,    through secondary data from the Census of India and Election Commission reports and CSDS survey findings. The research demonstrates that Indian democracy faces a fundamental contradiction because women participate in elections in increasing numbers but still lack the freedom to make their own voting choices. The analysis demonstrates through statistical data and visual representations that women participate in high numbers at the polls, yet they face ongoing restrictions in their voting independence. The elimination of patriarchal control over voting ballots stands pivotal for attaining both gender equality and authentic democratic practices in India.

India is mainly an agricultural and rural nation, with approximately 65%-70% of its population living in rural areas. This research investigates how social media influences Generation Z's purchasing decisions for organic cosmetic products in these rural regions. As a digitally native and socially aware group, Gen Z relies heavily on platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook to access beauty content, discover new products, and confirm their purchase decisions through reviews and influencer endorsements. The study employs a quantitative approach, gathering primary data from around 400 Gen Z individuals across various rural areas through a structured questionnaire with multiple-choice and Likert-scale questions. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, and correlation analysis. Influencer posts emerged as the most impactful type of content, with detailed product reviews also highly effective, whereas traditional commercials and lectures were less persuasive. The findings highlight the significance of authentic, relatable, and trustworthy online content in influencing Gen Z consumers. These insights offer valuable guidance for brands aiming to engage this environmentally conscious and media-savvy generation.