Agrarian distress has emerged as a critical socio-economic issue in India, particularly in regions dependent on rain-fed agriculture. The present study examines the socio-economic profile of farmers, extent of agricultural indebtedness, major causes of agrarian distress, and the relationship between debt burden and psychological stress among farmers in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted with a sample of 200 farmers selected through multistage random sampling from selected blocks of Chopda, Yawal, Raver, and Amalner. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule and analyzed using percentage, mean, and chi-square statistical tools. The findings reveal that a majority of farmers are small and marginal, with 79% of respondents being indebted. High input costs, low crop prices, crop failure, and loan repayment pressure were identified as major distress factors. The chi-square test indicated a significant relationship between debt level and psychological stress (χ² = 16.42, p < 0.05). The study concludes that agrarian distress is a multidimensional problem requiring integrated social, economic, and psychological interventions. Recommendations include strengthening irrigation, enhancing crop insurance awareness, promoting farmer producer organizations, and providing mental health support at the village level. 

Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa with approximately 242 million people, is known for its rich ethnic and religious diversity. Despite having rich natural resources and cultural heritage, ethno-religious violence has become a recurring phenomenon in Nigeria for the last several decades, particularly in the north-eastern part of the country that has created instability and remained a constant threat to peaceful co-existence in the society. This paper aims to highlight instances of the ethno-religious violence in Nigeria and their social impacts on women. Though numerous studies have been conducted on the issue of ethno-religious violence in Nigeria, the social impacts on Nigerian women still remain inadequate. In recognition of this, the paper seeks to examine the same. The paper finds that women are more vulnerable to ethno-religious violence in Nigeria. The social impacts are profound, multifaceted and devastating. Women in conflict zones often face displacement, sexual violence, leaving survivors with severe physical injuries, emotional trauma, and social stigma. Apart from destruction to properties and loss of their loved ones, displaced women and girls often face dire consequences, including lack of access to adequate shelter, food, healthcare, education among others. The paper concludes, inter alia, with recommendations that addressing these impacts demand a comprehensive approach to empower women, advance gender equality, and promotes justice and peace-building that prioritize women’s voices and needs. To this end, the government must implement consistent and effective policies, accompanied by decisive actions to safeguard women from violations of their fundamental human rights. By confronting the root causes of ethno-religious violence, Nigeria can pave the way for lasting peace and social stability for better prospects. 

Background: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is an essential component of adolescent reproductive health, yet inadequate knowledge and persistent socio-cultural stigma continue to hinder healthy menstrual practices among adolescent girls. With the rapid expansion of traditional and digital communication platforms, the media has emerged as a potential source of menstrual health information. However, evidence regarding its influence on menstrual hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Indian adolescents remains limited. This study assessed the impact of media exposure on menstrual hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices among school-going adolescent girls in West Bengal, India. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,119 girls aged 12–18 years from 13 districts of West Bengal. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested structured study schedule. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, media exposure, menstrual hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices was obtained. Results: Nearly all participants (99.5%) reported receiving menstrual health information through media, while 70.5% used the internet for health-related information, and 66.7% regularly watched television. Media exposure showed strong positive correlations with menstrual hygiene knowledge (r=0.76), attitudes (r=0.75), and hygiene practices (r=0.72) (all p<0.05). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that media exposure independently predicted knowledge (β=0.24, p<0.05), attitudes (β=0.46, p<0.05), and hygiene practices (β=0.07, p<0.05) after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Mediation analysis indicated that the effect of media exposure on hygiene practices was largely mediated through improvements in menstrual knowledge and attitudes. Conclusions: Media exposure is significantly associated with improved menstrual hygiene knowledge, positive attitudes, and healthier menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls. Integrating evidence-based media communication with school-based menstrual health education and digital awareness initiatives may enhance menstrual health literacy and promote healthy menstrual hygiene management. 

Pending divorce proceedings have significant implications not only for spouses but also for the overall development and well-being of children. The prolonged nature of divorce litigation often creates emotional instability, financial hardship, and uncertainty within the family environment, adversely affecting children's psychological, social, educational, and economic development. The present study examines the child-care challenges arising from pending divorce cases among Hindu families, with special reference to Nashik District, Maharashtra. The study adopted a descriptive research design based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from Hindu women with pending divorce cases using a structured interview schedule, while secondary data were obtained from books, research articles, government reports, and legal documents. The collected data were analyzed using frequency and percentage distributions. The findings reveal that children's emotional imbalance and psychological stress (42%) constitute the most serious challenge associated with pending divorce proceedings. Social adjustment problems (22.67%), decline in educational performance (18.33%), and inadequate health care (17%) were also reported as major concerns. Economic analysis indicates that increased family and litigation expenses (34.33%), inadequate financial planning (33.67%), advocate's fees (22.67%), and limited access to government financial assistance (9.33%) adversely affect child care and overall development. The study concludes that prolonged divorce litigation has multidimensional consequences for children's mental health, educational achievement, social adjustment, and access to essential resources. Strengthening family counselling services, child psychological support, financial assistance programmes, legal aid services, and speedy disposal of family court cases would significantly improve children's well-being during divorce proceedings. 

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) has emerged as a sustainable cooling technology capable of reducing surface temperatures without energy consumption by simultaneously reflecting incoming solar radiation and emitting thermal energy through the atmospheric transparency window (813 μm). Among the various materials investigated for passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC), poly (vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) has attracted significant attention because of its high infrared emissivity, chemical stability, hydrophobicity, and ability to form hierarchical porous structures. The exceptional cooling performance of PVDF-HFP arises from its strong sunlight-scattering capability, which is primarily governed by Mie scattering from pores and embedded particles with dimensions comparable to solar wavelengths. This article reviews the fundamental mechanisms by which PVDF-HFP scatters sunlight and discusses its applications in advanced radiative cooling systems. The relationship between pore morphology, refractive index contrast, scattering efficiency, and cooling performance is analyzed, together with recent advances in composite PVDF-HFP cooling films and nanofiber membranes. 

Higher education institutions now demand digital competence from students as it affects their educational methods and student involvement. The research analyses the base features of digital competency while examining teacher difficulties when adding digital resources to educational environments as well as the advantages digital literacy brings to educational advancement. The study demonstrates through literature review that digital integration requires essential knowledge of technology and teaching combined with ethical practices along with cyber security understanding. The research indicates that digital competency supports interactive training and student-oriented education yet insufficient infrastructure combined with institutional shortcomings and restricted staff development barriers its universal acceptance. The research demands standardized assessment frameworks for digital competency and urges researchers to investigate the prolonged effects digital competency has on teaching effectiveness. Better digital transformation outcomes for higher education will result when structured policies complement investments in digital infrastructure and training faculty members with new skills. 

Interim financial reporting, governed in India by Indian Accounting Standard 34 (Ind AS 34), mandates listed companies to publish condensed financial statements for each quarter and half-year period. This study investigates the impact of such interim disclosures on the stock price volatility of the top five information technology (IT) companies listed on the NIFTY 50 index — Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, and Tech Mahindra — over the study period FY 202324 and FY 2024–25 (Q1 FY24 to Q4 FY25). Using an event study methodology combined with multiple regression analysis, the study examines abnormal returns and volatility patterns in the event window surrounding each quarterly earnings announcement. Secondary data on stock prices, earnings per share, revenue, and key financial ratios were sourced from the National Stock Exchange (NSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), and official company filings. All tests were conducted at a 5 per cent (0.05) level of significance. Findings reveal that interim financial disclosures under Ind AS 34 generate statistically significant abnormal returns and elevated price volatility in the immediate post-announcement window, with EPS surprise and market sentiment emerging as the strongest drivers. The study contributes to the growing empirical literature on the information content of mandatory quarterly reporting in the Indian IT sector. 

Digital marketing has transformed the automobile industry by reshaping consumer engagement, purchase behaviour, and brand interaction through online platforms. The present study examines the influence of emotional and cognitive factors on digital marketing effectiveness in the automobile sector with special reference to Bengaluru. The study focuses on emotional dimensions such as safety and security, emotional traits, emotional ability, and visual appeal, along with cognitive dimensions including cognitive engagement, cognitive ability, brand value, and cognitive dissonance. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 300 respondents through a structured questionnaire administered through Google Forms and direct interaction. Statistical tools such as Cronbach’s Alpha, Chi-square test, ANOVA, and Multiple Regression Analysis were employed using SPSS software. The findings indicate that emotional and cognitive factors significantly influence consumer purchase intention in digital automobile marketing. Among the variables, brand value, emotional engagement, and cognitive ability emerged as strong predictors of digital marketing effectiveness. The study highlights the growing importance of psychologically driven digital marketing strategies in influencing automobile consumers in Bengaluru. 

This article explores the health and occupational hazards faced by women workers in Assam’s tea industry, where women form almost half the workforce. Despite their central role, they face demanding labor, chronic health issues and significant gender disparities. Drawing on recent literature, the study highlights that most women tea workers come from disadvantaged backgrounds, have low education and face economic hardship. They are exposed to health risks like musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory illnesses, reproductive problems and malnutrition—mainly due to repetitive labor, chemical exposure and poor living conditions. Long hours, harsh weather and minimal safety measures worsen these challenges. Gender inequalities, such as wage gaps, job segregation and limited access to benefits, further restrict women’s well-being. Although women use coping strategies like support networks and self-help groups, these are not enough. The article emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive policy reforms, such as stronger labor laws, better workplace safety, expanded welfare and women’s empowerment through education and leadership. Addressing these complex risks requires coordinated action from all stakeholders to ensure reforms improve the health, dignity and opportunities of women tea workers, supporting broader social justice and sustainable development

The conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) has emerged as one of the most significant developments in contemporary international maritime law. Areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), comprising the high seas and the international seabed Area, account for nearly two-thirds of the world's oceans and contain ecologically significant ecosystems that support global biodiversity, climate regulation, and marine productivity. Despite their ecological importance, these areas have historically been governed through fragmented legal and institutional mechanisms that proved inadequate to address emerging challenges such as biodiversity loss, climate change, overfishing, marine pollution, and the exploitation of marine genetic resources. The adoption of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) in 2023 represents a landmark achievement in strengthening international ocean  governance. The Indo-Pacific occupies a central place in the implementation of the BBNJ Agreement because it encompasses some of the world's richest marine ecosystems, major sea lines of communication, and rapidly expanding blue economy initiatives. Simultaneously, the region faces growing environmental degradation and intensifying geopolitical competition, making biodiversity conservation increasingly complex. This article examines the evolution of the international legal framework governing marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction and analyses the implications of the BBNJ Agreement for the Indo-Pacific. It further evaluates the legal, institutional, and geopolitical challenges associated with implementing the Agreement and assesses India's role in promoting sustainable ocean governance. The paper argues that while the BBNJ Agreement provides an important legal foundation for protecting marine biodiversity, its effectiveness will depend on strengthened regional cooperation, scientific capacity, equitable benefit-sharing, and sustained political commitment among Indo-Pacific states. 

शिक्षा मानव जीवन के विकास की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रक्रिया है, जो जन्मजात शक्तियों का प्रगतिशील विकास करती है। स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत ने शिक्षा को राष्ट्रीय प्रगति के महत्त्वपूर्ण साधन के रूप में प्रयोग किया एवं कई आयोगों के गठन से समस्याओं के समाधान भी निकाले। नई राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 द्वारा भारततीय शिक्षा प्रणाली में सुधार के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण कदम उठाया गया। इसके अन्तर्गत प्राथमिक बाल्यावस्था में देखरेख, तकनीकी शिक्षा, बटुविपयक, शिक्षा और समग्र मूल्यांकन नीति पर फोकस किया गया। यट नीति शिक्षा को समावेशी एवं गुणवत्तापूर्ण बनाने के लिए विशेष सिफारिश करती है। नई शिक्षा नीति 2020 ने भारत की शैक्षिक प्रणाली में एक क्रान्तिकारी परिवर्तन किया। इसका कार्य न केवल गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा प्रदत्त करना है, बल्कि 2047 तक विकासित भारत के उ‌द्देश्य को प्रापत करने में शिक्षा को एक सशक्त माध्यम के रूप में इस्तेमाल करना है। एक शोध पत्र में टम NEP 2020 के प्रमुख उ‌द्देश्यों, उसके सभावित प्रभाव और 2047 के विकसित भारत के दृष्टिकोण में इसके योगदान का विश्लेपण करेंगे।

Labour and everyday life in medieval Assam, with particular attention to the workers, cultivators, artisans, soldiers, boatmen, fisherfolk, temple servants, women, and servile groups who sustained the region’s political and economic order but rarely appear as central actors in conventional histories. Medieval Assam was not a single uniform society; it included the postKamarupa regional formations, the Chutiya, Kachari, Koch, and Ahom polities, and the expanding religious worlds of temples and sattras. The paper argues that labour in medieval Assam was not merely an economic activity but a foundation of kingship, land control, military organization, ritual authority, and village life. The Ahom system made this especially visible: most adult male subjects owed rotational service to the state in return for access to cultivable land. Yet much labour remained “invisible” because sources such as inscriptions, land grants, and buranjis usually privileged kings, officials, Brahmins, monasteries, and wars. By reading these sources against the grain, this study reconstructs the everyday world of labour in agriculture, craft production, military service, riverine transport, household work, and religious institutions. It also offers a critical review of the limits of available evidence and calls for a more people-centred social history of medieval Assam.

Paddy cultivation is the principal agricultural activity in rural Assam and serves as a cornerstone of food security, employment generation, and household income. Despite its socio-economic importance, smallholder farmers continue to face challenges related to fragmented landholdings, fluctuating market prices, inadequate irrigation facilities, and limited access to modern agricultural technologies. The present study examines the economic contribution of paddy cultivation to rural livelihoods in Ghagra Village of Lakhimpur District, Assam, with particular emphasis on production practices, farm economics, marketing systems, and socioeconomic conditions of farming households. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 randomly selected households through structured questionnaires, field observations, and personal interviews, supplemented by secondary information obtained from government publications, census reports, and relevant literature. Descriptive statistical techniques, including frequency distribution, percentage analysis, tables, and graphical representations, were employed to analyse the collected data. The investigation assessed landholding patterns, paddy varieties cultivated, production levels, cultivation methods, production costs, net income, marketing channels, and the adoption of modern agricultural practices. The findings indicate that paddy cultivation remains the primary source of livelihood for the majority of farming households in the study area. Nearly 39% of farmers possess 3–6 bighas of cultivated land, while 25% cultivate more than 9 bighas. Among the cultivated varieties, Ranjit occupies the largest cultivated area and contributes the highest share (28.4%) of total paddy production, followed by Chakuwa (13.7%), Aijung (13.4%), and Bora (12.2%). The study further reveals that 88% of farmers have adopted modern cultivation methods, whereas only 12% continue to rely primarily on traditional farming practices. Although modernization has contributed to improved productivity, the majority of farmers earn modest profits, with 46.5% reporting annual net returns between ₹20,000 and ₹40,000 from paddy cultivation. Production costs, dependence on seasonal rainfall, labour shortages, and market-related constraints continue to limit farm profitability. The study concludes that paddy cultivation continues to play a significant role in sustaining rural livelihoods and strengthening the local economy of Ghagra Village. However, improving farmers' income requires enhanced irrigation infrastructure, access to high-yielding and climate-resilient varieties, affordable farm mechanization, efficient marketing systems, storage facilities, institutional credit, and agricultural extension services. Strengthening these interventions would contribute to sustainable agricultural development, increased farm profitability, and improved livelihood security for smallholder farmers in floodplain regions of Assam. 

The socio-economic development of tribal women is an essential component of inclusive and sustainable rural development in India. However, tribal illiterate women continue to experience multiple forms of deprivation, including limited access to education, employment, healthcare, financial resources, and government welfare schemes. Dhule district of Maharashtra has a substantial tribal population, where illiteracy remains a major barrier to women's socio-economic empowerment. This study investigates the socio-economic status of tribal illiterate women in Dhule district and examines the factors influencing their overall development. The objectives of the study were to assess the educational, economic, social, occupational, and health conditions of tribal illiterate women, identify the challenges affecting their livelihoods, and evaluate the role of education, awareness, and government interventions in improving their quality of life. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. Primary data were collected from 300 tribal illiterate women through a structured questionnaire, while secondary data were obtained from government reports, books, journals, and census publications. The collected data were analyzed using percentage analysis and appropriate statistical techniques. The findings reveal that illiteracy significantly influences the socioeconomic condition of tribal women by restricting employment opportunities, income generation, health awareness, financial literacy, and participation in decision-making. Agriculture and agricultural labour remain the principal sources of livelihood, making households economically vulnerable. The study further indicates inadequate awareness of government welfare schemes, limited access to healthcare services, gender-based inequalities, and insufficient vocational skills. However, education, skill development programmes, self-help groups, and awareness initiatives have demonstrated considerable potential in improving women's socio-economic status and promoting empowerment. The study concludes that strengthening adult literacy programmes, vocational training, healthcare services, financial inclusion, and awareness of welfare schemes is essential for the sustainable socio-economic development of tribal women. It recommends integrated policy interventions involving government agencies, educational institutions, local self-governments, and non-governmental organizations to promote education, livelihood security, gender equality, and inclusive development in tribal communities.

Social welfare programmes implemented by the Social Justice Department play a significant role in promoting inclusive development and improving the quality of life of socio-economically disadvantaged populations in India. Below Poverty Line (BPL) families constitute one of the primary target groups of these welfare initiatives, which aim to reduce poverty, enhance access to education, healthcare, housing, financial assistance, and social security, and foster socio-economic empowerment. Despite the availability of numerous welfare schemes, disparities in awareness, accessibility, utilization, and effective implementation continue to affect the intended outcomes. Against this backdrop, the present study assesses the impact of Social Justice Department welfare schemes on the socio-economic wellbeing of BPL families from a social work perspective in Jalgaon District, Maharashtra. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical research design. Primary data were collected from 300 beneficiaries selected through a multistage random sampling technique using a structured interview schedule, while secondary data were obtained from government reports, policy documents, books, journals, and published research studies. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage, along with inferential statistical techniques, were employed to analyse the data. The findings indicate that the welfare schemes have contributed positively to improving beneficiaries' socio-economic conditions by enhancing access to educational opportunities, financial assistance, social security benefits, livelihood support, and social inclusion. However, the study also identifies several implementation challenges, including limited awareness, procedural complexities, documentation issues, delays in benefit disbursement, and digital barriers that restrict equitable access to welfare programmes. The findings further highlight the crucial role of professional social workers in facilitating awareness, counselling beneficiaries, strengthening community participation, advocating for rights, and improving service delivery mechanisms. The study concludes that while Social Justice Department welfare schemes have made a meaningful contribution to the socio-economic well-being of BPL families, their effectiveness can be further enhanced through simplified administrative procedures, improved outreach strategies, digital inclusion, regular monitoring, and stronger social work interventions. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, administrators, and social work professionals in designing more inclusive, accessible, and beneficiaryoriented welfare programmes that promote sustainable socio-economic development and social justice. 

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of India's leading public health challenges despite the implementation of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP). Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) has emerged as an important strategy for increasing awareness, reducing stigma, promoting early diagnosis, and improving treatment adherence. The present study evaluates the efficacy of community-based ACSM activities for TB prevention in Maharashtra. A descriptive crosssectional research design was adopted using structured questionnaires administered to community members and stakeholders. The study assessed knowledge regarding tuberculosis, awareness of ACSM interventions, communication effectiveness, behavioural changes, stakeholder participation, programme reach, and barriers affecting TB prevention. Findings indicate that ACSM activities have significantly improved community awareness regarding TB symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive practices. However, misconceptions regarding ACSM objectives, persistent stigma, socioeconomic barriers, and inadequate healthcare accessibility continue to hinder programme effectiveness. Community participation, culturally appropriate communication, and multi-sectoral collaboration were identified as critical determinants of successful implementation. The study recommends strengthening community engagement, expanding digital and interpersonal communication strategies, improving frontline health worker training, and establishing robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to achieve India's TB elimination goals. 

Women's participation in social and political processes is widely recognized as a key indicator of inclusive development, democratic governance, and sustainable social transformation. In rural India, however, women's engagement in decision-making institutions continues to be shaped by socio-cultural norms, gender roles, educational opportunities, economic status, and caste dynamics. The Maratha community, one of the dominant agrarian communities in Maharashtra, has traditionally played a significant role in the state's socio-political landscape. Despite this, women belonging to rural Maratha families often experience structural barriers that limit their active participation in community organizations, local governance, and political institutions. This paper examines the participation of women from the traditional and cultural rural Maratha community in social and political processes from a social work perspective, with special reference to Dhule District of Maharashtra. The study explores the socio-cultural factors influencing participation, identifies barriers and opportunities, and analyses the role of social work interventions in promoting women's empowerment. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach based on both primary and secondary data. The findings suggest that education, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Panchayati Raj Institutions, reservation policies, and communitybased social work interventions significantly enhance women's participation, while patriarchal norms, limited mobility, economic dependency, and traditional gender expectations continue to restrict leadership opportunities. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening gender-sensitive social work practices, policy implementation, and community mobilization to ensure meaningful participation of rural Maratha women in social and political development. Women's representation in Panchayati Raj Institutions has increased following constitutional reforms, but substantive participation remains uneven across rural regions, including North Maharashtra

Machine Learning as well as AI developed systems are now today greatly used in varieties of real-life applications. E-healthcare management system is also one of them. The decision support system developed using many machine learning algorithms provides to optimize decision in protective health care systems. The proposed system consists of two modules. The first module included a novel Electronic Health Record based decision support system using SVM technology structure. The second module be composed of preprocessing, data extraction, exploratory data analysis from EHR data set. The proposed EHR based decision system is tested with accuracy for detecting health status on 79540 records. EHR data are mostly important for evaluating or predicting the health status after observing the varieties of medical parameters like body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure in both range systolic + diastolic and oxygen saturation level etc. How the new sample in the group data analysis can be achieved through machine learning approach and how this approach can be used as in AI tool for E-healthcare system. Also, visualization of data (exploratory data analysis i.e., EDA) is important to clarify about relationship among the parameters how they are closed to each other to evaluate the actual prediction of health score. In our data analysis, we have shown Support vector machine i.e., SVM have the highest accuracy rate (near about to 93%) among the other chosen classifiers as well as simple neural networking approach. The result follows on accuracy, recall, precision and confusion matrix are also shown in this evaluation. Violin plot and two-dimensional kernel density estimation (2D KDE) plots are also implemented for visualization of the dataset.

Dalit women are multi-marginalised by caste, gender and class in the unorganised textile and garment sectors of Tiruppur. Despite the fact that the textile sector has been a significant contributor to the economy of the region and nation, women are still faced with poor working conditions with less wages, job insecurity and a hazardous working environment. This study examines the experiences of working Dalit women through Dalit, liberation, feminist and womanist theological prisms. This survey investigates these experiences especially from biblically and theologically. This research used the qualitative research theological methodology to explore the socio-economic status of Dalit women with reference to various biblical texts that advocate for human dignity, justice, equality, and the preferential option for the poor and oppressed by God. The results demonstrate that caste exclusion, gender discrimination, labour exploitation, and social vulnerability are all interlinked, which collectively alter the denial of dignity and equality of opportunity. Christian teachings are thus founded in a robust theological reasoning originating in the creation narrative, Exodus, prophetic call to justice, as well as the ministry of Jesus Christ to resist oppressive social structures and to affirm the intrinsic worth of every human being who is made in the image of God. According to the report, the church has a crucial and prophetic ministry responsibility to foster social justice, support labour rights, empower dalit women with education and leadership skills, and construct inclusive communities that reject caste and gender discrimination. This study examines how theology may be meaningfully engaged with the social reality of our times. It additionally contributes to discussions of faith-based social transformation. In conclusion, the report suggests some recommendations for different actors including the church, policymakers, civil society, and industry for promoting justice, dignity, equality and sustainable empowerment of the Dalit working women in Tiruppur. 

Indigenous religious traditions have served as important repositories of ecological knowledge. This knowledge has been passed down from generation to generation in the Bhutia community of Sikkim. This study explores the relationship between ecology and how religion safeguards the conservation of forests, water sources, wildlife, and biodiversity. The present study is the result of ethnographic fieldwork conducted among the Bhutia community. The study locates the importance of religion and ecology in the preservation of natural resources. The study emphasises that the Bhutia community’s religious tradition constitutes an important source of indigenous ecological knowledge and offers valuable guidance in contemporary times, when modernisation, socio-cultural transformation and climate change have a great impact on traditional practices.

The Dimapatoy River Watershed is a critical water source for Cotabato City and neighboring communities in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Despite its ecological and public service importance, the watershed is exposed to illegal logging, charcoal production, kaingin, land conversion, settlement expansion, and other livelihood-related pressures. This qualitative case study examined how the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Energy (MENRE) and partner stakeholders govern watershed conservation in the Dimapatoy River Watershed. Data were generated through key informant interviews with Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Energy personnel and a group interview with representatives of the Metro Cotabato Water District (MCWD). Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis and were supported by policy and secondary document review. Findings show that Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Energy contributes to watershed conservation through reforestation, rehabilitation, biodiversity assessment, water quality coordination, foot patrolling, monitoring, and Communication, Education, and Public Awareness / Information, Education, and Communication activities. Collaboration with Metro Cotabato Water District, local government units, barangays, people’s organizations, and community actors strengthens conservation work. However, implementation remains constrained by limited manpower, delayed and insufficient funds, monitoring gaps, livelihood dependence on forest resources, weak inter-agency coordination, and uneven enforcement. The study argues that watershed conservation in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao should be understood not only as an ecological intervention but also as an environmental governance issue. Long-term sustainability requires a stronger monitoring system, clearer institutional roles, timely resource support, community-based livelihood alternatives, and a functioning multi-stakeholder watershed governance mechanism. 

Chronic diseases remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with medication non-adherence representing a major barrier to achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. Long-acting therapeutic systems have emerged as a transformative strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional daily dosing by providing sustained drug release over extended periods. This review comprehensively examines the evolution, pharmacological principles, formulation technologies, clinical applications, and future prospects of long-acting drug delivery systems. It highlights the mechanisms underlying prolonged drug release through depot injections, biodegradable implants, polymeric microspheres, nanosuspensions, and stimuli-responsive biomaterials, emphasizing their ability to maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence. The review further explores the expanding clinical utility of long-acting therapies across infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neuropsychiatric illnesses, and immunological conditions, where sustained drug exposure has demonstrated improvements in treatment persistence and disease control. Emerging innovations, including artificial intelligence-assisted formulation design, smart biomaterials, 3D-printed implants, and programmable gene- and cell-based delivery platforms, are discussed as promising technologies that may redefine precision medicine. Despite these advances, important challenges remain, including manufacturing complexity, regulatory considerations, healthcare infrastructure requirements, reimbursement models, and equitable global access. By integrating current evidence from pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacokinetics, and clinical research, this review highlights the transformative potential of long-acting therapeutic platforms to improve adherence, optimize clinical outcomes, and reshape chronic disease management while identifying key priorities for future research and clinical implementation.  

किसान अन्नदाता हैं, किसान जीवन दाता हैं, यह जितना पहले सच था आज आधुनिक समय में भी उतना ही सच है। प्रेमचंद के समय में किसानों का जीवन अभावों, संघर्षों से भरा था। जीवन संघर्ष और तप का पर्याय था। सीमित संसाधन और असीम संघर्ष। साहूकारों और जमींदारों के शोषण से किसानों का जीवन त्रासदी का मार्मिक गाथा बन गया था। संघर्षो से लथ-पथ जिंदगी में भी सरलता, सहजता और सादगी से कृषक अपने जीवन के साथ-साथ सभी के जीवन में कुछ रस घोल देते थे। धरती के पुत्र धरती के समान धैर्य रखकर अन्न उगाते रहे, सभ्यता पलती रही, संस्कृति सँवरती रही। कृषक जीवन के सभी पहलुओं पर प्रेमचंद ने संवेदनशीलता से प्रकाश डाला है। जमींदार और साहूकारों से संघर्ष करते-करते किसान प्रकृति के कोप से भी धरती की कोख को बचाते रहे। इस संदर्भ में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य भी है कि प्रेमचंद की कहानियों में कृषक जीवन की समस्याएँ ही नहीं बल्कि शोषण के खिलाफ उभर रही, उबल रही चेतना ध्यान आकर्षित करती है। हर कहानी में यथास्थिति के खिलाफ कोई न कोई पात्र मुठभेड़ करता है। हर कहानी में क्रांति की एक आत्मीय सुगबुगाहट है। प्रेमचंद ने कृषक-जीवन से जुड़ी कहानियों में भारतीय किसान के जीवन संघर्ष, समस्याओं के साथ सामाजिक इकाई के रूप में उभर रही चेतना को भी रेखांकित किया। प्रेमचंद की कहानियाँ केवल दुःख और दर्द की दास्ताँ नहीं है बल्कि कृषक जीवन के हक और हकीकत के लिए जाग रही चेतना की आवाज़ भी है। यह नवजागरण का मूल तत्व है।

India's healthcare system continues to face several critical challenges, including a rapidly increasing population, limited healthcare infrastructure, and persistent inequalities in access to medical services. These issues have created a growing need for innovative solutions that can improve healthcare delivery and patient support. This paper examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in transforming medical social work within the Indian healthcare context. It explores how AI technologies can assist medical social
workers in providing more efficient, accessible, and patient-centred services. The study is grounded in the principles of medical social work, healthcare management, and emerging digital technologies, with a strong emphasis on maintaining empathy, ethical practice, and a client-centred approach. The analysis demonstrates that AI has the potential to strengthen several aspects of medical social work, including patient assessment, mental health counselling, resource allocation, multilingual communication through realtime
translation, remote patient monitoring, and data-driven decisionmaking. At the same time, the paper discusses important ethical
considerations, such as protecting patient privacy, ensuring responsible use of health data, and preserving meaningful human interaction in healthcare settings. The findings suggest that AI should not be viewed as a replacement for medical social workers but as a supportive tool that enhances their professional capabilities. When implemented responsibly and ethically, AI can contribute significantly to improving the quality, accessibility, and effectiveness of healthcare services in India while reinforcing compassionate and patient-centred care.

Karnataka's contribution to the Indian freedom movement is frequently narrated through the lens of mass leaders, poets, and revolutionaries, yet one of its most consequential features has been the sustained and multidimensional participation of the legal profession. This paper examines how lawyers trained in the courts of the Bombay Presidency, the Madras Presidency, and the princely State of Mysore emerged as organisers, orators, negotiators, and institution-builders of the national movement in the Karnataka region. Drawing on the careers of figures such as Gangadharrao Deshpande, S. Nijalingappa, Kadidal Manjappa, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau,
Karnad Sadashiva Rao, R. R. Diwakar, and several lesser-documented advocates of the Bombay-Karnataka, Hyderabad-Karnataka, and Mysore regions, the paper argues that lawyers occupied a distinctive structural position: trained in colonial law yet increasingly disillusioned with colonial governance, articulate in both English and Kannada, and possessed of the organisational skills required to build the Congress apparatus at the district and taluk level. The study traces their role across the Swadeshi movement, the Home Rule agitation, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, the Quit India Movement, the unique struggle for the unification of Karnataka, and
the framing of the post-colonial constitutional order. It concludes that the willingness of Karnataka's lawyers to sacrifice lucrative practice, court arrest, and forfeit their sanads (licences to practise) was not incidental but central to converting scattered nationalist sentiment into an organised regional movement.

The India-Japan strategic partnership has evolved considerably since 2014, transitioning from a largely declaratory and dialogue-based relationship toward one increasingly characterised by concrete defence-industrial interdependence. This paper undertakes a conceptually grounded, theoretically informed case study of that transition, focusing on the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) project — the first India￾Japan defence technology co-development initiative — and its consolidation at the 16th India-Japan Annual Summit held in New Delhi in July 2026. The paper first develops a conceptual framework distinguishing technology transfer, licensed production, co-production, and co-development as analytically separate categories, and uses this framework to interrogate whether the UNICORN project satisfies the definitional criteria of genuine co-development or is more accurately characterised as advanced, localisation-heavy co-production. It then situates the case within the theoretical literature on soft balancing, zone balancing, and defence￾industrial indigenisation, derives three testable hypotheses, and evaluates them against a process-traced account of India-Japan defence cooperation since 2008, Japan's evolving defence equipment transfer regime, and the outcomes of the 16th Annual Summit. The paper finds partial support for all three hypotheses, situates its findings against the comparative precedent of Indo-Russian defence cooperation, and concludes with policy recommendations and a research agenda for tracking the project's implementation.

Green entrepreneurship means starting and running a business that reduces harm to the environment. The study, “Green Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Business Practices: Insights from Small Entrepreneurs”, try to understand the awareness, adoption, benefits, and challenges of green practices among small entrepreneurs in Kannur district. The data gathered from 75 small entrepreneurs through a structured questionnaire were analysed using percentage analysis, weighted mean, ranking method, one sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and independent samples t-test. It revealed that small entrepreneurs have good awareness of green entrepreneurship but they follow such practices to some extent only. Energy conservation is the most common form followed by them, while the use of renewable energy is not much common. The main benefits from such practices are better image and higher customer satisfaction. However, high costs, limited finance, and lack of technical knowledge are major challenges prevailing. The study also found that small entrepreneurs with greater awareness increases the use of green practices and have more benefits. It suggests that better awareness, financial support, technical assistance, and government initiatives can encourage more small entrepreneurs to use green business practices.

This study examined the relationship between climate change and global politics in the contemporary age. The method of systematic literature review was applied to analyse the recent academic research that was published in the period between 2020 and 2025. The major databases were searched to gather articles, which were filtered according to PRISMA rules and analysed via thematic analysis. According to the findings, climate change influences international cooperation, diplomacy, energy policy, as well as global governance. Climate action and the creation of a common goal are assisted by global institutions and climate agreements, helping countries to coordinate action and create goals. Nonetheless, effective standards to enforce climate policies remain stifled by political issues, economic gains, and societal polarisation. The paper stated that effective climate action requires more international cooperation and fully committed political action. The review leads to comprehending climate change as an environmental and political issue.

The expansion of commercial apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh has generated a seasonal labour market that increasingly intersects with mobile pastoral livelihoods. This study examines how apple-orchard employment contributes to livelihood diversification among Van Gujjar households during their summer stay in Shimla district. An exploratory mixed-methods design combined a household interview schedule with semi-structured interviews, three focus-group discussions and field observation across three Van Gujjar migratory groups at Chanshal, Shiladesh and Larot in the Pabbar Valley. The sample comprised 33 households and 50 individual respondents. Quantitative analysis used descriptive measures of monthly labour income, income shares and an illustrative comparison of two households with similar family size and livestock holdings. Qualitative material was used to reconstruct the timing, forms and perceived drivers of engagement with orchard work. Reported average monthly labour income was highest during the highland stage (₹8,724), where it accounted for 25.8% of household income, compared with ₹4,012 and 14.31% during the lowland stage; no labour earnings were recorded during transit. In the illustrative paired comparison, the orchard-engaged household earned approximately 33% more total monthly income than the non-engaged household, while its labour income was about 3.4 times as high. Livestock income remained similar in both cases, indicating complementarity rather than wholesale occupational replacement. Participants associated the growth of engagement with the spatial and seasonal coincidence of migration and orchard operations, as well as growers’ need for short-duration labour. However, limited formal skills, seasonal employment, mobility constraints and unequal access to orchard networks restrict the scale and stability of these gains. The findings identify apple employment as a supplementary income pathway whose benefits can be strengthened through portable skills, fair work arrangements and services designed around pastoral mobility. 

The insurance sector plays a critical role in economic development by providing financial protection, mobilizing long-term savings, and supporting investment activities. Despite significant growth in India's insurance industry over the past decade, regional disparities in insurance penetration and premium collection remain substantial. This study examines insurance premium collection trends across ten major Indian states— Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Telangana, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal—from 2015 to 2024. Using secondary data from the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance Council, and government publications, the study compares premium growth, insurance penetration, and state-wise contributions to the national insurance market. The research further investigates challenges affecting insurance adoption, including low financial literacy, rural accessibility issues, digital exclusion, claim settlement concerns, fraud, and regulatory compliance challenges. The findings reveal that Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat consistently dominate premium collections due to higher income levels, urbanization, industrial growth, and financial awareness. Conversely, states such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh continue to exhibit lower insurance penetration despite their large populations. The study concludes that targeted policy interventions, improved financial literacy, digital transformation, and enhanced consumer protection mechanisms are essential for expanding insurance coverage and achieving inclusive growth.