This study explores natural heat transfer within a triangular porous media containing multiple conducting bodies, a configuration relevant in various engineering applications such as thermal insulation and energy storage. Using a combination of analytical and numerical methods, we analyze the effects of the porous medium's properties, the positioning, and the thermal conductivity of the embedded bodies on the overall heat transfer. Key parameters, including Rayleigh number and Darcy number, are varied to understand their impact on temperature distribution and flow patterns. The results reveal complex interactions between the conducting bodies and the porous media, leading to significant variations in heat transfer efficiency. Our findings provide deeper insights into optimizing the thermal performance of systems utilizing porous media with embedded conductive elements, contributing to the development of more effective thermal management strategies in engineering designs.

Charcoal, a carbon – based fuel produced through the incomplete combustion of wood or other carbon – containing material, has various applications. It is primarily used for cooking, deodorizing refrigerators, and as a growing medium in orchids, anthuriums and other plants. Historically, charcoal has been utilized in medicine for centuries and continues to be used by doctors today as a healing agent, antidote for poisons and treatment for ingestion and gas. Additionally, charcoal is capable of removing ammonia from diluted sulfur acid. This study is conducted to develop baked products using bamboo charcoal, specifically aiming to evaluate the acceptability level of charcoal – based products. The findings indicate that adding 1 tablespoon bamboo charcoal resulted in the highest sensory ratings for Chiffon Cake and Chocolate Moist Cake while T0 (the control – no added charcoal) resulted in the highest sensory ratings for Chocolate Chiffon Cake and Chocolate Moist Cake. However, the control sample (without added charcoal) remained the best for Chocolate Muffin.

Employability is the capacity of people to find and keep jobs based on their education, skills, and ability to adjust to the demands of the labor market. The process of finding employment that fits one's skills and professional goals is known as "job obtainment." The growing discrepancy between the academic qualification of commerce graduates and industry standards, which impacts their employment prospects, is what spurred this study. The study explored the challenges faced by commerce graduates in employability (Job Obtainment). The technique used in the current study is Text mining using the qualitative tool NVIVO 12. The findings of the study indicated that the major challenges faced by Commerce Graduates in Employability are the Skill gap, Inability to Adapt to Changing Job Roles, E-commerce Skills, Lack of Practical Experience, and Poor Soft Skills. Moderate challenges are Limited Digital & IT Knowledge, Intense Competition, Less Confidence in Interviews, and Lack of Technology skills and minor challenges are Limited Industry-Specific Training, Over-Reliance on Academic Degrees, Fear of Taking Initiative, and Insufficient Networking.

Graduates in commerce are highly valued in the corporate sector because they possess expertise in management, finance, and business operations. Startups, renowned for their inventiveness and quick expansion, offer chances for professional growth, exposure to entrepreneurship, and skill development. Nonetheless, a lot of recent graduates in commerce find it difficult to adjust to the fast-paced, resource-constrained world of startups. This study explores the challenges faced by commerce graduates in startups. The technique used in the current study is Text mining using the qualitative tool NVIVO 12. The findings of the study indicated that the major challenges faced by commerce graduates in start-ups Retaining Customers, Initial capital, Building a Customer Base, and Lack of Technical Skills. Moderate challenges are Hiring and Team Building, efficient decision-making, Cash Flow Management, and Work-life Balance. Whereas minor challenges are Lack of Financial Backup, Scaling the Business, High Operational Costs, and Innovation Challenges.  

The growing adoption of digital payment systems has transformed financial transactions, yet rural populations still struggle with accessibility and usability. The purpose of the study is to identified challenges faced by problems and challenges faced by Digital wallet users in rural areas. It is seen that key challenges faced by users are Poor internet connectivity, low digital literacy, language barriers, high transaction fees, KYC and documentation challenges, resistance to change, poor customer support access, limited acceptance by merchants, electricity inconsistency, limited smartphone users.

The UTS ticketing application has emerged as a popular platform for ticket purchasing and transportation services, offering convenience and efficiency to its users. This study aims in measuring the perception of E-service quality of UTS ticketing application. The findings of the study indicated that UTS lacks service quality in providing good transaction accuracy and does not provide 24 x 7 service to its customer. It was also found that the application does not provide prompt services to its users. Further studies can be conducted building a SEM model and evaluating impact of e-service quality on user satisfaction and user loyalty.

In the Indian railway ecosystem, the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) is a crucial organization that provides millions of passengers nationwide with ticketing, catering, and tourism services. The railway industry has seen tremendous change in recent years, driven by changes in customer expectations and technological breakthroughs. The quality of service offered by IRCTC becomes crucial as more and more travelers depend on trains for their transit requirements. The purpose of the current research is to explore the challenges faced by railway passengers in the usage of IRCTC.  The technique used in this study is Text mining using the qualitative tool NVIVO 12. The findings of the study indicated that the major challenges faced by Railway passengers in usage of IRCTC are E-ticket error, Tatkal unavailability, Poor customer support, and Portal linking issue. Moderate challenges are seen as Group booking problem, Hidden charges, Slow loading, and Maintenance downtime. Whereas, minor challenges App crash, Payment failure, Refund delays, Seat selection issue, and Language barrier.

The relevance of emotional intelligence has reached new heights in its applications toward decision-making, leadership, problem-solving, moral governance, and corporate social responsibility. This systematic review aims to synthesize recent empirical and theoretical contributions related to emotional intelligence affecting several domains. The findings suggest that emotionally intelligent leaders are engaged in the strategic decisions that help implement ethical environments, which encompass programs of corporate responsibility. Emotional intelligence provides a basis for cognitive bias, foundations in the realms of problem-solving, and assists the effectiveness of leadership. The paper discusses EI acting as a mediator in managerial performance; a merging with AI can possibly support diverse decision pathways. The future study must elaborate on how emotional intelligence and AI-enabled leadership analytics correlate with financial returns and digital leadership in the environment of remote work. The findings therefore suggest that emotional intelligence should be immediately taught to leaders in order to promote emotional competence that leads to better organizational success of individuals. In these turbulent times where many businesses are on the brink of existence, the extensive incorporation of emotional intelligence training into the LED/EMDC leadership would be imperative for sustaining ethical governance and growth.

Motivation: The evolving nature of HRM practices, particularly with the adoption of sustainable HRM practices, digital tools, and the rise of remote working, has led to a growing interest in understanding their impact on job satisfaction and employee outcomes. Purpose: This study aims to develop conceptual frameworks for future research scholars, based on existing HRM theories, to examine the impact of sustainable HRM practices, digital HRM practices on job satisfaction and Determinants of Job satisfaction of Remote working Employees. Techniques: A comprehensive literature review is conducted to explore and synthesize existing research, leading to the development of conceptual frameworks to guide future investigations into HRM practices and their influence on job satisfaction. Findings: The study highlights key factors influencing job satisfaction through the adoption of sustainable HRM practices, digital HRM strategies, and remote working arrangements, providing conceptual frameworks that address their collective impact on employee outcomes. Implications: The developed frameworks offer a structured foundation for future studies, helping scholars explore the dynamic relationship between these HRM practices and job satisfaction in diverse organizational settings, with a particular focus on remote work.

Maintaining general mental and physical well-being, lowering burnout, and raising job satisfaction all depend on work-life balance. The growing demand for degree college professors to juggle their personal and academic obligations, which results in stress and a decline in job satisfaction, served as the motivation for this study. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the ways to enhance work-life balance among degree college faculty members. The technique used in the study is One Sample t-test. The findings of the study indicated that Flexible Working Hours, Remote Work Opportunities, Reduced Teaching Loads, Time Management Training, Technology Integration, Childcare Facilities, Work-from-Anywhere Policies, Workload Transparency, Clear Expectations and Goals, Positive Organizational Culture, Limits on Overtime and Extra Duties are significant high impact ways to enhance WLB among degree college faculty members.

Faculty members are essential to the educational process since they are mentors, researchers, and educators who have a big impact on students' academic and personal development. Since their struggles and experiences have a direct bearing on educational quality and institutional efficacy, it is essential to comprehend their viewpoints. This study is driven by the increasing awareness of how crucial faculty well-being is to creating a positive learning environment. Establishing efficient support systems that improve faculty members' work happiness and general performance requires an understanding of the specific challenges they confront as higher education institutions evolve. The purpose of the study is to explore the challenges faced by faculty members. The technique used in the current study in Text mining technique using qualitative tool NVIVO 12. The outcome of the study indicated that Non-Teaching Responsibilities, Heavy Workload, Physical Health Challenges, Work-Life Balance, Institutional Politics, Excessive Committee Work and Inadequate Compensation are high challenges faced by faculty members, Whereas, Technology Adoption, Job Insecurity, Gender Inequality and Discrimination and Bias are moderate challenges faced by the faculty members.

The capacity to make educated financial decisions is crucial for individuals to improve their financial situations and general well-being, and financial literacy equips them with the necessary information. Traffic police officers are crucial for maintaining public safety and regulating traffic. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of financial literacy on the financial inclusion and financial wellness of traffic police personnel. The technique employed in the study is Structural Equation Modelling. The findings of the study indicated that there is a significant impact of financial literacy on financial inclusion and financial well-being.

Online investing and savings portals have become important instruments for improving customer happiness and financial decision-making. Such online platforms employ technology to increase accessibility, expedite procedures, and encourage users to save money. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the challenges faced by the Traffic police in savings and investment through online portals. The technique used in the current study is one sample t-test. The study found that Security Concerns, Lack of Financial Literacy, Complex User Interface, High Transaction Costs, Difficulty in Comparing Options, Technical Glitches, Limited Investment Awareness, Poor Customer Support, Difficulty in Withdrawal Process, Mobile App Dependency, Frequent Market Fluctuations, Data Privacy Issues, and Poor Customer Support are significant challenges faced by tragic police in savings and investment through online portal.

Celebrity endorsement has been a widespread marketing approach used to sway customer views and purchase behaviour, particularly in fiercely competitive industries such as aerated drinks. Hence, the focus of this study is to evaluate the effect of celebrity endorsement on consumer buying behaviour for aerated drinks with reference to Mumbai suburban area. The technique used in the current study is one sample t-test. The findings of the study indicated that Increased Brand Awareness, Higher Brand Recall , Emotional Connection , Aspirational Value , Global Reach , Brand Loyalty , Social influence , Perceived Popularity , Word-of-Mouth Promotion , Stronger Ad Impact , Competitive Advantage and Higher Market Share are significant effects of celebrity endorsement on consumer buying behaviour for aerated drinks.

Background: Laparoscopic surgery demands advanced hand-eye coordination and psychomotor skills, which are challenging for novices to acquire. Simulation-based training, such as the use of box trainers, has been proposed as an effective method for skill development. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of structured training using a boxing trainer in improving laparoscopic instrumentation skills among novices. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted at KPC Medical College and Hospital from April 2021 to April 2024. Hundred participants, comprising first-year surgical residents and residents from non-surgical departments with no prior laparoscopic experience, were enrolled. Participants were randomized into two groups: an intervention group that underwent structured training using a boxing trainer and a control group that received no formal training. Pre- and post-training assessments were conducted using standardized suturing tasks performed on the box trainer and evaluated based on time to completion, accuracy, and error rate. Results: The intervention group demonstrated statistically significant improvement in all performance metrics following training (p < 0.05), whereas the control group showed minimal or no improvement. The intergroup comparison revealed a significant difference favouring the trained group, confirming the efficacy of simulation-based skill acquisition. Conclusion: Laparoscopic box trainer-based training significantly enhances key laparoscopic skills in surgical novices and facilitates the effective transfer of these skills to the clinical environment. Given its low cost, accessibility, and use of equipment identical to actual laparoscopic surgery, we recommend the incorporation of box trainers into early surgical training curricula.

This study examines the impact of digital marketing adoption on start-up performance in India, addressing the gap between
adoption intent and measurable outcomes. Using data from 394 start-ups and employing PLS-SEM analysis, the research evaluates both financial (revenue growth, profitability, cost efficiency) and non-financial (brand visibility, customer engagement, market expansion) performance. The findings indicate that digital marketing adoption significantly enhances both dimensions, with stronger effects observed in non-financial outcomes. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities framework, the study demonstrates that digital tools function as both strategic resources and adaptive capabilities. The results highlight that performance gains are consistent across sectors and geographies, reinforcing digital marketing as a scalable growth lever. The study contributes empirical evidence from an emerging economy, offering implications for entrepreneurs, investors, and policymakers.

This comprehensive and critical study is going explore the complex interrelation of language, culture, and national belonging of the linguistic minorities who live in border areas in India theoretically. This qualitative study will critically analyze the nature of cultural hybridity, cross-linguistic identity, and multilingualism and how they play a proactive role in identity politics among the citizens of border areas. The previous investigations have constructed the base for further study in this regard. The researchers will lend a hand with previous data on this ground to institute the argument of this proposed study. By scrutinizing impertinent practices and narratives of linguistic minorities, this mindful research explores how national identity is constructed and contrasted in the border areas of India. The findings of this study will help its reader to understand the characteristics of cultural hybridity, problems of cross-linguistic identity, the nature of multilingual society, and the direction of transitional identity; finally, the conscious readers will come across the border studies- a trending field of post-colonial research.

This study examines physical exertion depicted in the Mahabharata. It focuses on the part of instructors like Dronacharya. The training
styles for dogfaces analogous as Arjuna and Bhima are explored. This includes their physical exertion and any citation of yoga practices. The Mahabharata narrative highlights the vital significance of physical education. This was especially true in drug for the
Mahabharata war. Physical readiness was consummate for success in battle. The grand details extensive training rules. These prepared the Pandavas and Kauravas for combat. The emphasis on physical prowess underscores its societal value. This study seeks to understand these ancient generalities. It analyzes the structured approach to physical development. The training involved various disciplines. These disciplines aimed to make strength and skill. The Mahabharata serves as a rich source for this analysis. It offers perceptivity into nonfictional approaches to fitness. The warrior culture placed great emphasis on physical capability. This study aims to slip light on these aspects. It will explore the styles used to achieve peak physical condition. The narrative provides specific samples of training exercises. These exercises are central to the development of dogfaces. The significance of a professed preceptor is also apparent. Dronacharya’s part exemplifies this. His instruction shaped the course of the war. The study will look at these training principles. It will consider their connection to understanding ancient physical education.

After assuming post of prime-minister of India, Narendra Modi hinted that his foreign policy will actively focus on improving ties with India’s immediate neighbor’s, a policy that has since been termed the neighborhoods first policy. India’s Neighborhoods first Policy indicating four things: India will be giving political and diplomatic priorities to her immediate neighbor’s and Indian Ocean Island states, India to provide all essential requirements of her immediate neighbor’s as needed by them, to promote greater connectivity and integration in the Indian subcontinent to ensure a free flow of goods and services, people, capital etc., and to establish an India-led regionalism in the neighbourhood.The neighbouring countries had tried to check and restrict India geopolitically and geo- economically through the overt or covert strategic relationships with the extra-regional powers. China’s assertive, and often aggressive, behaviour has been viewed as a huge challenge for India because it opens up the likelihood of China dominating India’s immediate neighborhoods. The “neighborhood first” policy is the striking feature of Modi government’s diplomatic approach. While often presented as a coherent and proactive regional strategy, the policy exists at the intersection of aspiration and constraint. This paper examines the gap between rhetoric and implementation by interrogating the “myth” of seamless regional leadership against the “reality” of geopolitical competition, domestic sensitivities in neighboring states, and institutional limitations within India’s diplomatic and development apparatus.The study argues that although India has made measurable progress in areas such as cross-border infrastructure, humanitarian assistance, and crisis response, its influence in the region is increasingly contested—most notably by China’s expanding economic and strategic footprint. Furthermore, asymmetries in size and power have generated mistrust among smaller neighbors, complicating India’s efforts to position itself as a benevolent regional leader. Ultimately, the paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of India’s regional diplomacy by situating its neighborhood policy within broader debates on power, perception, and regionalism in international relations.

In recent years, the paradigm of “Education for All” has shifted from
physical classroom proximity to digital accessibility. While the internet has
the potential to be the “great equalizer,” the digital divide—the gap
between those with easy access to the internet and devices and those
without—threatens to marginalize rural and underprivileged learners.
Reimagining access requires more than just hardware; it requires a robust
ecosystem of localized, high-quality, and free content. The digital divide
remains a significant barrier to achieving universal education, often
separating students based on their geographic location and socio-economic
status. However, digital infrastructures like DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure
for Knowledge Sharing) and SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active-Learning
for Young Aspiring Minds) are actively reshaping the landscape of Indian
education by democratizing access to high-quality resources

Student-centered learning is one of the most powerful methods to provide children with buy-in by centring their interests and needs into the learning experience. In this paper, we speak on how student-centered pedagogies enable comprehensive development and engagement of the children both in formal as well as non-formal education settings. Contributing to classroom practice, field studies, and new educational research, this study indicates that through experiential learning, play-based instruction, differentiated instruction as well as collaborative activities, children can be engaged and motivated. This paper explores the need to reimagine education through a philosophical lens that prioritizes holistic human development over narrow academic achievement. Drawing inspiration from thinkers such as John Dewey and Rabindranath Tagore, it critiques conventional education systems that emphasize standardized testing, rote learning, and utilitarian outcomes. Instead, it proposes an integrative framework that nurtures intellectual, emotional, ethical, and creative capacities in learners.The study argues that education should be understood as a transformative process aimed at cultivating self-awareness, critical thinking, empathy, and social responsibility. It highlights the importance of experiential learning, interdisciplinary approaches, and value-based education in fostering wellrounded individuals capable of navigating the complexities of contemporary life. Furthermore, the paper examines the role of educators as facilitators of growth rather than mere transmitters of knowledge.It also touches upon how students are facilitators and the need to establish secure, safe, and flexible learning environments. Marginalized Children (rural folks, vulnerable kids, etc. are paying special attention, for emphasis that the student-centered education is more than ever essential in bringing transformative change for equity and lifelong learning. The results indicated huge improvements: enhancement in academic performance and self-confidence, social skills when children were given a voice of being active participants in their learning journey. This paper then ends with recommendations for incorporating student-centered values in curriculum development, teacher training, and policy.

Uttarakhand state is an agricultural state. Approximately 70 percent of the working population of Uttarakhand is dependent on agriculture. Uttarakhand is a hill state, with a total area of 53483 square kilometers, with 46,035 square kilometers of this area being hill. 56 percent of the total agricultural land in the state is recorded as hill agriculture, while 44 percent of it is recorded as plain agriculture. Maximum agricultural land in the state is in Udham Singh Nagar and Haridwar district. Uttarakhand state has four agro-climatic zones covering six altitudinal farming approaches. There is potential for growing a variety of agricultural crops in the state. The livestock and animal husbandry sector of the state has developed significantly due to various efforts made by the government in the last few years. Farmers in Uttarakhand are being sensitized to adopt a cluster-based approach to ensure their bargaining power and profitability. To this end, several agricultural clusters have been developed in the state. Farmers are now seeing the many benefits of cluster farming. The results are so positive that farmers are eager to become part of it. Uttarakhand is the first state in the country to take unprecedented steps to promote organic farming through the Central Government's Shanwwar (2025). The Relationships between the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi and Agriculture productivity in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research &
Reviews. 4(1). 207-214. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), which has resulted in remarkable success in the
agriculture sector. In Uttarakhand, based on the 2015-16 agricultural sugarcane production, there are a total of 8,81,305
land holdings in the state. In terms of agricultural holdings, 14% of landholdings are held by Scheduled Castes, 3% by Scheduled Tribes, and 83% by other categories of farmers. Small and marginal farmers account for approximately 92% of total landholdings. The largest number of landholdings in the state (6.59 lakh) are held by marginal farmers, i.e., those holding less than 1 hectare. Uttarakhand State, especially in the hill regions, has a predominance of small and marginal land holdings, as well as scattered land holdings.

Shakumbhari devi hills are part of Shivalik range of district Saharanpur. The area is recognized as an inhabitant of numerous drugs and medicinal plants. It is observed that nearly hundreds of medicinal plants occur in this area,mThese plants are commonly used in various ailments.This area is occupied by several saints and ojhas. Villagers residing in this area consult local medicine men and saints for treating their ailments. This area is exploited for plants as a whole or part there of by several traders of medicinal plants. There is a serious threat to biodiversity of this area as traders are collecting tones of plants and their parts from this area. The hilly area is an inhabitant of van gujjars also. These people depend upon natural resources and cattle. Overgrazing by these cattle's is also causing loss to biodiversity of this area. There is a need to protect and conserve this area. Present study reveals that several plants which use to occur earlier are not found now or are in very limited amount.

वर्तमान युग के परिप्रेक्ष्य में बात करें तो महिला सशक्तिकरण एक ज्वलंत मुद्दा है। महिला सशक्तिकरण एक ऐसी बहुआयामी विचारधारा है, जिसमें राष्ट्र के विकास हेतु महिलाओं की भागीदारी व योगदान को मुख्यधारा से जोड़ना है। कोई भी राष्ट्र तब तक प्रगति के पथ पर आगे नहीं बढ़ सकता, जब तक कि महिलाओं को पर्याप्त सम्मान व पद प्रदान न किया जाये। किसी भी विकासशील देश के लिये तो यह अत्यन्त आवश्यक प्रतीत होता है, क्योंकि जहाँ की आधी आबादी ही महिला हो यदि वहाँ पर उनके योगदान को सराहा न जाए, साथ ही उनके लिए विकास के अवसर सृजित न किए जाएँ तो ऐसे राष्ट्र के विकास की कल्पना करना एक स्वप्न देखने के तुल्य है।

पर्यटन आधुनिक विश्व की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण आर्थिक गतिविधियों में से एक है। यह न केवल राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि करता है बल्कि रोजगार सृजन, क्षेत्रीय विकास, विदेशी मुद्रा अर्जन तथा सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक विकास में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। भारत के पर्वतीय राज्यों में पर्यटन आर्थिक विकास का प्रमुख आधार माना जाता है। उत्तराखंड अपनी प्राकृतिक सुंदरता, धार्मिक महत्व, हिमालयी पर्यटन, साहसिक खेलों तथा सांस्कृतिक विरासत के कारण देश के प्रमुख पर्यटन राज्यों में गिना जाता है। राज्य में प्रतिवर्ष लाखों पर्यटक आते हैं, जिससे स्थानीय लोगों की आय, रोजगार और व्यापारिक गतिविधियों में वृद्धि होती है।

This study presents a quaternion formulation of classical electrodynamics in the absence of magnetic monopoles. The primary objective is to reformulate Maxwell's theory using quaternion algebra while preserving the physical predictions of classical electrodynamics. The analysis focuses on expressing electromagnetic quantities, including the four-current, four-potential, differential operator, and field equations, within a unified quaternion framework.The principal contribution of this work is the reformulation of Maxwell's equations in quaternion form. Rather than employing multiple independent vector equations, the quaternion formalism consolidates them into a compact set of equations without altering the physical content of Maxwell's theory. This approach simplifies the mathematical structure while maintaining equivalence with the classical formulation. The electric field, magnetic field, and propagation vector remain mutually perpendicular, demonstrating that the quaternion approach is consistent with classical electromagnetic wave theory. Additionally, the quaternion equations reduce the number of separate mathematical expressions while preserving Lorentz covariance. This compact formulation is both mathematically elegant and well-suited electrodynamics. 

This paper aims to explore the opportunities and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in India. Women entrepreneurship serves as the backbone for women's empowerment in the country and contributes to economic growth. It involves women taking risks, initiating innovative business ideas, mobilizing resources, overcoming obstacles, providing employment, and managing businesses independently. The main goal is to identify the specific opportunities and challenges women encounter in India and analyze how entrepreneurship development impacts their standard of living. The study relies on secondary data sources, including the internet, elibraries, published and unpublished records, magazines, books, and journals. Fostering entrepreneurial skills among women can significantly improve their overall condition in India.

The shift to digital innovations has reshaped the market environment by enabling businesses to engage with consumers by differentonline channels. The fast adoption of smartphones, low-cost internet services, and cashless payment methods has increasedthepresence of digital marketing beyond urban centers into rural communities in India. Such changeshave affected how rural consumers search for information and have helped them compare products, find alternatives, and make purchase decisions. This study analyses the role of electronic marketing in the purchase behavior of consumers in rural areas of Ayodhya District. It mainly investigates how online platforms such as social networking sites, e-commerce websites, digital advertisements, mobile applications, and online marketing campaigns influence consumers' awareness, attitudes, and purchase intentions.The research further explores the key determinants that influence the adoption of digital marketing among rural consumers, such as availability of the internet, trust in online purchasing, advertising incentives, product availability, and digital awareness. The Primary data were gathered from 100 respondents were living in selected rural areas of Ayodhya District by using a structured questionnaire. In the analysis part, Frequency Distribution, Percentage, and Cumulative Percentage have been used.The results showthat internet-based marketing has become an increasingly important source of product-related knowledge for rural consumers and positively influences their purchasing decisions. 

India is primarily an agricultural and rural country, with about 65%70% of the population residing in rural areas. Rural marketing has played a crucial role in the country's economy. Following India's liberalization policies, recent decades have seen an influx of foreign direct investment, fuelling ongoing economic development. This has led to increased purchasing power among both urban and rural populations. The Green Revolution also boosted rural incomes, enabling residents to purchase industrial products alongside traditional rural goods.The paper concludes that sustainable success in rural markets hinges on several essential factors: the development of affordable, high-quality products, the enhancement of local distribution networks, and the implementation of culturally relevant promotional strategies. As rural markets expand and evolve, companies that adopt customer-centric and innovative marketing approaches will be better equipped for long-term growth. This strategy not only fosters business success but also contributes to rural development and the broader advancement of the Indian economy.

Teacher professional development is an important means of improving classroom practice, yet attendance at a training programme does not necessarily result in meaningful changes in teaching. This article examines the difficulties teachers may experience both in obtaining access to professional-development opportunities and in applying what they learn after training. Attention is given to workload, scheduling, institutional assistance, travel and financial issues, digital access, the practical relevance of training content, and post-training guidance. A descriptive survey framework is presented. A hypothetical group of 120 school teachers is used solely to demonstrate how data may be organized and interpreted; the numerical results are illustrative and are not presented as evidence from an actual field investigation. Frequency, percentage and mean-score procedures are used to demonstrate the analytical process. The illustrative pattern points to time pressure, heavy workload, insufficient institutional support, limited follow-up, technological constraints and weak connections between training activities and classroom realities as important concerns. The article proposes a shift from isolated workshops towards sustained, needs-based and practice-centred professional learning, supported by school leadership, mentoring, peer interaction and accessible digital facilities.