Tiny ML and Edge AI are changing the IoT and smart devices and embedded systems by making it possible to perform real-time ondevice decision-making. These technologies enable devices to do the processing locally and limit dependence on the cloud-based system, minimize latency, as well as, increase privacy and security. TinyML allows devices with limited resources to perform intelligent tasks in IoT applications, which do not need high-level computation power.This review discusses how Edge AI combined with TinyML is
transforming such sectors as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, healthcare and industrial automation. We talk about energy-saving
algorithms, low-latency usage, and scalable designs and such issues as memory constraints, power usage, and data privacy. Future
research in the areas of federated learning, hardware-software co design and on-device learning is also mentioned in the paper. In the
IoT ecosystem, Tiny ML and Edge AI together are laying the groundwork for increasingly independent, effective, and intelligent systems.

বিশ্বের প্রাচীনতম রচনা হল ‘বেদ’। এই বেদের চতুর্থ সোপান হল ‘উপনিষদ্’। উপনিষত্সমূহের মধ্যে সামবেদীয় কেনোপনিষদ্ অন্যতম। এই উপনিষদে যুদ্ধে বিজয়ী দেবতাদের মানমর্দনের জন্য ব্রাহ্মী চেতনা রূপ যক্ষোপাখ্যান বর্ণিত রয়েছে। অভিমানী দেবতাদের সমীপে বিদ্যারূপী উমাদেবী প্রকটিত হয়ে ব্রহ্মের স্বরূপ, পরম ব্রহ্মের উপাসনার উপায়, ব্রহ্মের মহিমা বর্ণনা করেছেন এবং এই উপাখ্যানে উমা ব্রহ্মজ্ঞানসম্পন্না, বিদ্যাবতী, বেদবাণীস্বরূপা নারীরূপে তাৎপর্য্য মণ্ডিত হয়েছেন। কেনোপনিষদ্- এ বর্ণিত এই উমা কীভাবে সমগ্র নারী সমাজের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করছেন তা এই প্রবন্ধে তুলে ধরা হয়েছে।

Maya Angelou is an important part of the modern American literary discourse, expressing the themes of perseverance, identity, and
change both in verse and autobiographical prose. Located in a sociohistorical context of racial segregation, gender discrimination, and
personal trauma, the oeuvre of Angelou is not limited to the individual narrative but to the challenges of dignity and personal affirmation of self-worth of a group. This paper questions the way that Angelou uses literary expression as a way of reinventing self and fighting marginalization. The study conducts a close textual analysis of the chosen poems, especially, Caged Bird and Still I Rise, aiming to observe how the experience of oppression begins to change into the statement of strengths, agency, and hope. The paper argues that cultural change is a significant tool that the literary voice of Angelou, whose literary purpose is not simply self-expression, but instead, makes her work timelessly available in the current identity and social injustice discourses.

মধ্যাচার্য ব্রহ্মসূত্রের উপর যে ভাষ্য রচনা করেন সেই ভাষ্য দ্বৈতভাষ্য নামে প্রসিদ্ধ। মধ্যাচার্যের ভাষ্য অনুসরণ করিয়া পরবর্তীকালে আচার্য জয়তীর্থ, আচার্য ব্যাসতীর্থ, রামাচার্য, শ্রীনিবাসাচার্য প্রমুখ মাধ্ব আচার্যগণ অদ্বৈত গ্রন্থসমূহকে সূক্ষ্মভাবে খণ্ডন করেন। এই কারণে পরবর্তীকালে মাধ্ব গ্রন্থসমূহই অদ্বৈতবাদের বিরুদ্ধে পূর্বপক্ষরূপে বিবেচিত হইয়া থাকে। নব্য বৈদান্তিকদের নিকট মাধ্ব পক্ষই প্রধান পূর্বপক্ষরূপে বিবেচিত হইত। মাধ্ব আচার্য ব্যাসতীর্থ বিরচিত ন্যায়ামৃত গ্রন্থ অবলম্বনে মুক্তি বিষয়ে অদ্বৈত মতের বিরুদ্ধে যে মাধ্ব সম্প্রদায়ের আপত্তিসমূহ তাহা বিস্তৃতরূপে উপস্থাপিত হইবে। দ্বিতীয় অনুচ্ছেদে অদ্বৈতসিদ্ধি অবলম্বনে আচার্য মধুসূদন সরস্বতী বিরচিত অদ্বৈতসিদ্ধি অবলম্বনে এই সমস্ত মাধ্ব আপত্তি খণ্ডন করা হইবে। আচার্য ব্যাসতীর্থ তাহার ন্যায়ামৃত গ্রন্থের চতুর্থ পরিচ্ছেদে মোক্ষ বিষয়ে তাহার আপত্তিসমূহ উপস্থাপন করিয়াছেন। চতুর্থ পরিচ্ছেদের প্রথম অধ্যায়ের প্রথম প্রकरण অবিদ্যানিবৃত্তি প্রकरणে আরম্ভে ন্যায়ামৃতকার অদ্বৈত বেদান্তীদের প্রশ্ন করিয়াছেন যে, অদ্বৈত বেদান্তী যে অবিদ্যার নিবৃত্তি বা অবিদ্যার অপগম মোক্ষস্বরূপ বলিয়া থাকেন তাহা যুক্তিসঙ্গত নহে, ইহাতে ন্যায়ামৃতকার অদ্বৈতীকে প্রশ্ন করিয়া থাকেন যে—

This experimental study examines the causal impact of instructional leadership on student academic achievement. The study aims to determine whether structured instructional leadership interventions can significantly improve students’ academic performance. A pre-test–post-test control group design was employed, involving two comparable groups—an experimental group and a control group. Both groups were initially assessed through a standardized achievement test to establish baseline performance. The experimental group was exposed to targeted instructional leadership practices, including classroom supervision, teacher mentoring, continuous feedback, and systematic academic monitoring. Meanwhile, the control group continued with traditional teaching methods without any additional leadership intervention. After the intervention period, both groups were administered a post-test to measure changes in academic achievement. Data were analyzed using the t-test to examine the significance of differences between the two groups. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group's academic performance compared to the control group. This finding indicates that instructional leadership has a positive effect on student achievement. The study also highlights that instructional leadership contributes indirectly by enhancing teacher effectiveness, supporting professional development, and fostering a positive learning environment. In conclusion, instructional leadership plays a vital role in improving student academic outcomes and should be emphasized in educational practice and policy.

Ethical issues relating to the moral status of animals and the degree of human responsibility to animals have become a key point in modern ethical debate, especially in the view of ecological crises, industrial exploitation of animals and developing perceptions of animal sentience. The conventional ethical theories, including utilitarianism and rights-based ethics, have provided powerful theories to apply to animal ethics, but they both tend to work with abstract concepts that ignore emotional interaction, relationships, and moral experiences. The ethics of care started as a critique of mainstream paradigms of justice offers an approach to morality that is relational and context-sensitive, which prefigures empathy, compassion, interdependence, and responsibility. The paper discusses ethics of care as a moral theory of the human responsibility towards animals. It identifies the philosophical roots of care ethics, examines its key ideas, compares it to the mainstream anthropocentric ethical approaches, and determines its applicability to the field of animal ethics. The paper also interprets modern problems like animal farming, experimentation, wildlife preservation, and environmental pollution. Lastly, the paper states that ethics of care provides a morally attractive and pragmatically-based methodology of supporting more human and sustainable human-animal relationships.

(सारांश): मानव जीवन सुख दुःख की गाथा से जुड़ा हुआ है। जब कोई हर्ष या विषाद की घटना अप्रत्याशित रूप से घटित होती है, तब मन में वीणा के तार झंकृत हो उठते हैं। मानव मन से उसकी रसात्मक अनुभूति अनायास ही फूट निकलने को व्यग्र हो उठती है। छत्तीसगढ़ में लोक गीतों का विपुल भंडार है। छत्तीसगढ़ी लोक गीतों में सरलता के साथ-साथ भावनाओं की प्रबलता, सरसता तथा रागात्मकता के दर्शन होते हैं जो परम्परा विश्वास और धारणाओं से समृद्ध हैं। छत्तीसगढ़ धार्मिक भावना से ओतप्रोत है। यहाँ का जनमानस ईश्वर के अस्तित्व को किसी न किसी रूप में स्वीकार करता है। यहाँ की लोक संस्कृति में धर्म का विशेष स्थान है।

भारतीय वाङ्मय के आदि स्रोत के रूप में राम कथा विख्यात है। अपने उद्गम से अनेक रूपों में परिवर्तित होती हुई सूक्ष्म से विराट रूप धारण करती हुई मानव जीवन को मानवता के महत्तर आदर्शों एवं असाधारण मानव मूल्यों के प्रति आकर्षित करने वाली राम कथा जन-जन के मानस में समाहित है। छत्तीसगढ़ी लोक गीतों में भी श्री राम आत्मा की तरह अवस्थित हैं। लोक जीवन में राम रचे हुए हैं। लोक का सम्पूर्ण जीवन ही राममय है। जीवन के हर सुख और दुःख में वह राम का ही स्मरण करता है। छत्तीसगढ़ी लोकगीतों में जहाँ श्री राम का व्यक्तित्व पुराणसम्मत तथा वाल्मीकि और तुलसी से विशेष रूप से प्रभावित है वहीं जनमानस की कल्पनाशीलता ने उसे नवीन रूपों में प्रतिष्ठापित किया है।

Among the various contemporary discourses, environmental ethics is notably complex, as it frequently presents profound moral dilemmas. A central concern within this field is the moral consideration of non-human animals. While this topic has historical philosophical roots, it gained significant momentum in the 1970s, eventually evolving into a global movement. Animal Ethics, a specialized branch of environmental ethics, advocates for the intrinsic value of animals and their right to exist and roam free from human interference. Historically, until the 17th century, the prevailing philosophical view—rooted in human rationality—relegated animals to mere instrumental or "mechanical" value, justifying their exploitation. However, this anthropocentric paradigm was challenged by Jeremy Bentham, who argued that the capacity to suffer, rather than rationality, is the true benchmark of morality. Furthermore, Darwinian theory suggested that emotional states like joy and pain are adaptive traits shared across species. Despite traditional moral frameworks prioritizing human status, modern animal rights advocates argue that non-human animals possess inherent rights. These rights constitute a legitimate claim to live without harm, establishing animals as beings of significant moral worth.

This study considers a fractional-order dengue transmission model incorporating hu man and mosquito populations. The human population is classified into susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered compartments, while mosquitoes are divided into susceptible and infected classes. The model is formulated using Caputo fractional derivatives to account for memory effects inherent in epidemic processes.To compute approximate solutions, a Fibonacci wavelet operational matrix method is employed. The state variables are expanded in terms of Fibonacci wavelets, and the system is reduced to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are solved numerically. Numerical simulations for varying fractional orders are conducted to examine the influence of memory on disease dynamics. The basic reproduction number is also derived to de termine the threshold for disease persistence. The results indicate that the fractional framework enhances modeling flexibility, while the proposed numerical scheme provides an efficient solution.

Kannada literature represents one of India's most ancient and culturally rich literary traditions, deeply rooted in the folk life of Karnataka. Folk traditions encompassing oral narratives, songs, rituals, myths, proverbs, and performance arts — have played a central role in shaping the thematic, linguistic, and ideological foundations of Kannada literary expression over more than a millennium. This paper offers a comprehensive and critical examination of the role of folk traditions in the construction and continuity of cultural identity in Kannada literature across classical, medieval, modern, and contemporary periods. Adopting a qualitative and interpretative research methodology grounded in secondary sources, the study analyzes how folk elements function as repositories of collective memory, social values, and indigenous knowledge systems. The paper explores the intersections of folk traditions with agrarian life, ecological consciousness, gendered experiences, subaltern voices, and cultural resistance. It argues that folk traditions are not
peripheral influences but constitute the cultural core of Kannada literary consciousness. By integrating folk idioms, ritual practices, and oral aesthetics, Kannada writers have consistently negotiated identity, modernity, and social transformation. This research contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship in folklore studies, literary criticism, and cultural studies, offering insights relevant to regional literature and identity-based literary discourse.

Background: The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016, has emerged as the world's most widely adopted real-time digital payment infrastructure, processing over 131 billion transactions worth INR 200 lakh crore in FY 2023-24. While urban adoption has been extensively studied, the transformative impact on rural India's consumption ecosystem—particularly in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector—remains inadequately explored in peer reviewed literature. Objectives: This study examines the adoption trajectory of UPI in Indian rural markets, analyses its influence on consumer purchase behaviour in the FMCG sector, identifies key barriers and enablers, and develops a predictive framework for rural digital payment diffusion. Methodology: Employing a secondary data analysis approach, this study synthesises data from NPCI Annual Reports (2019-2024), RBI Payment System Reports, Nielsen Rural FMCG Reports, PhonePe Pulse data, BCGFICCI digital adoption surveys, and TRAI internet penetration indicators. A meta-analytical review of 42 peer-reviewed studies (2017-2024) and TAMUTAUT model adaptation were applied. Multiple regression analysis on secondary panel data (15 states, 6 years = 90 state-year observations) was conducted. Findings: Rural UPI users grew from 38 million (2020-21) to 298 million (2023-24), representing a CAGR of 98.2%. Rural UPI adoption has significantly altered FMCG purchase behaviour: purchase frequency increased by 18.4%, average transaction value rose 24.7%, and basket size grew by 2.1 SKUs on average. Governance (perceived ease of use) emerged as the strongest predictor (beta=0.342, p<0.01) of UPI adoption intention, followed by digital infrastructure quality (beta=0.289) and perceived usefulness (beta=0.318). State-level analysis reveals significant heterogeneity, with Maharashtra (71.3%), Karnataka (68.4%), and Punjab (69.4%) leading rural UPI penetration, while Bihar (32.6%) and Madhya Pradesh (41.2%) lag significantly. Conclusion: UPI is catalysing a fundamental shift in rural India's FMCG purchase behaviour, acting as a financial inclusion lever that expands market access, boosts discretionary spending, and enables premium brand adoption. The study provides actionable policy recommendations for NPCI, FMCG companies, rural retailers, and state governments.

This study undertakes a systematic critical analysis of the concept of human rights as embedded in Basavanna's Vachanas, examining: (i) the philosophical foundations of The Vachana literature of twelfth-century Karnataka, composed by the Sharanas (saint-poets) under the spiritual and social leadership of Basavanna (Basaveshwara, c. 1105–1167 CE), constitutes one of the most remarkable pre-modern articulations of human rights principles in world literary history. Written in vernacular Kannada—a deliberate political act against Sanskrit Brahminical hegemony—the approximately 2,650 authenticated Vachanas attributed to Basavanna contain sophisticated and systematic critiques of caste discrimination, gender inequality, occupational hierarchies, exploitative labour relations, and the denial of spiritual autonomy. These critiques anticipate, by seven centuries, the philosophical foundations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948) and the Indian Constitutional provisions on equality, non-discrimination, and dignity. human rights discourse in Veerashaiva theology; (ii) specific Vachanas addressing equality, labour dignity, women's rights, anti-caste praxis, and freedom of conscience; (iii) the institutional embodiment of human rights in the Anubhava Mantapa; (iv) comparative mapping with UDHR articles and Indian Constitutional provisions; and (v) the contemporary relevance of Vachana human rights philosophy for Dalit, feminist, and subaltern political movements. Employing a multidisciplinary critical approach combining close textual reading, historical contextualisation, comparative philosophy, and postcolonial literary theory, this study analyses 89 key Vachanas from the authenticated corpus. The theoretical framework draws on Ambedkarite anticaste philosophy, feminist literary criticism, Foucauldian discourse analysis, and postcolonial human rights theory (Baxi, 2002; Mignolo, 2000). The study demonstrates that Basavanna's Vachanas contain a coherent, radical, and systematically articulated human rights philosophy that: categorically rejects caste-based discrimination eight hundred years before the Indian Constitution's Article 17; affirms the dignity of manual labour through the Kayaka doctrine, anticipating ILO labour rights conventions; establishes women's equal participation in the Anubhava Mantapa, prefiguring democratic participation rights; articulates the Dasoha principle of redistributive justice, anticipating welfare rights; and asserts freedom of conscience against priestly intermediation, anticipating UDHR Article 18.

The study of English in Postcolonial India remains heavily influenced by colonial ideologies, academic structures and canon development. Post-colonial theory has been critical of colonial ideologies for many decades, but recently, academics and researchers have begun to re-evaluate their previous conceptual work, looking more towards what is called the 'decolonial turn' - a stronger, more revolutionary effort designed not just to critique, but also to take apart and substantially reshape the fundamental conceptual basis of English Studies. In relation to this re-evaluative process, this paper focuses on the decolonial turn in the field of English Studies with reference to India, emphasising how the decolonial turn shall impact canon development, pedagogy/teaching methods, language politics, and systems of knowledge development. By drawing on decolonial theorists such as Aníbal Quijano, Walter Mignolo and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o to interconnect the theoretical underpinnings of their writings to current developments in the field of English Studies, the paper argues that English Studies must not simply add to existing knowledge, but must move towards a new epistemic basis by including indigenous knowledge systems, oral traditions, Dalit and Adivasi literature and multilingualism as a means of achieving this goal. The paper concludes that the decolonial turn will provide a new location for English studies to engage with contemporary socio-cultural realities in India, as a site for resistance, critical discussion and activism.

One of the significant branches of medieval literature is the Vaishnav Padavali. Vaishnav Padavali is primarily composed centering around Mahapravu Chaitnyadev and based on the love story of Radha-Krishna. However, this love is not ordinary human love; it is divine. When a devote attains the grace of god, and as a result, the desire for the four worldly pursuits disappears from the devotee’s heart, then the union between the devotee and God takes place. The awakening of pure consciousness in the devotee’s heart is referred to as ‘love’ in Vaishnava Padavali. In this work Ujjwalnilmoni, Rup Goswami explains that the feeling of love which arises before union- through hearing and seeing, and which awakens the hearts of the hero and heroine, is called Purvaraga. Various poets of Padavali have portrayed Radha and Krishna in such a way they have spread the eternal massage of love throughout the world. Many poets have composed verses on the theme of Purvaraga, but each has expressed it an a unique way. In some poems Radha appears as a young ascetic, whose desires remain unfulfilled and turn into the pain of separation. In others, Radha-Krishna become overwhelmed upon seeing each other, wandering in a dreamlike world and expressing their love to the entire universe. Through direct or indirect vision of each other, an intense emotional of love is revealed. Among the various emotional stages centered on the love of Radha and Krishna, Purvaraga is considered the most significant.

Data analytics is a vital component of every high-quality research procedure. Data analytics focuses on data tabulation, data use, and data interpretation for the purpose of making predictions. Data analytics tools facilitate research by allowing for the extraction of actionable insights from company data. The goal of data analytics is to help people make better choices by cleaning, analyzing, interpreting, and visualizing data. The use of data analytics is crucial to the growth and success of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME's). Micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMBs) play an important role in India's economy. They help to create jobs, have lower startup costs than large companies, and support the growth of industries in economically disadvantaged areas. MSMBs also promise to reduce regional inequality and make the country's income and wealth more evenly distributed. Micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMBs) may prove to be an economic windfall for India in the years to come, according to studies. A potent instrument for harnessing India's natural riches, micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMBs) also deliver steady social progress. Especially when established in economically depressed areas, MSMEs may help level the playing field.

Marriage remains one of the most enduring and psychologically significant forms of intimate partnership. Despite its importance, the dynamics of marital satisfaction and relationship quality in the context of spousal age gaps remain underexplored. This study examines how age disparities between spouses influence love styles, attachment-related relational functioning, and sexuality among married couples in West Bengal. A total of 200 participants were divided into two groups based on spousal age gap: 0–5 years and more than 5 years. Participants completed the Love Attitudes Scale-Short Form, Passionate Love Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, and Sexuality Scale to assess dimensions of romantic love, attachment, and sexuality. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the groups. Specifically, the 0–5 years age-gap group reported higher levels of passionate love, sexual esteem, and relationship functioning, whereas the more than 5 years age-gap group exhibited more practical love and higher scores on Eros and Agape love styles. These findings suggest that smaller age-gap marriages tend to be more emotionally intense and sexually confident, while larger age-gap marriages emphasise stability and practicality. This nuanced understanding of how age gaps mediate marital dynamics contributes significantly to the existing literature on relationship psychology, particularly within the understudied cultural context of India.

The forested borderlands of West Bengal and Jharkhand — historically known as Junglemahal — have been home to several distinct indigenous communities for millennia. Each of these communities carries its own story of how the world began, how human beings came to exist, and why things are the way they are. This chapter brings together the creation myths of five such communities: the Kudmi, the Santal, the Munda, the Oraon, and the Bhumij. Rather than treating these narratives as isolated curiosities, the chapter reads them as a family of stories — related, overlapping, and yet meaningfully different from each other. The comparison reveals patterns that run deep across the region: a world submerged in water at the beginning of time, a creator god who works gradually and sometimes imperfectly, the role of animals in helping bring the earth into being, the creation of humans from clay, a chance accident that disrupts the original plan, and the emergence of clan identity through totemic bonds with the natural world. At the same time, each community has its own emphases, its own cast of characters, and its own way of understanding what it means to be human and to belong to a community. Together, these myths form a rich, living archive of indigenous knowledge about the world, about society, and about the relationship between people and the land they have always called home.

পুরাণে এমন কিছু নারী চরিত্র আছে যাঁদের রূপ লাবণ্যে মুগ্ধ হয়ে তাঁদেরকে লাভ করার বাসনা নিয়ে তাঁদের দাবি পূরণ করবেন বলে প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধ হয়েছিলেন সমৃদ্ধশালী রাজারা। সৌন্দর্যের মোহে পড়ে বিবাহ পূর্বে প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধ হলেও পরবর্তীকালে বাস্তবের সাথে তাল মিলাতে গিয়ে তাঁরা সে কথা মনে রাখেননি। যেমন রামায়ণে রাজা দশরথ বিবাহ পূর্বে কেকয়ীকে কথা দেন যে তাঁর পুত্রকে রাজা করবেন, কিন্তু পরে সেই দাবী তাঁকে কিভাবে আদায় করতে হয় তা আমরা সবাই জানি। শকুন্তলাও সেইরূপ একজন নারী, রাজা দুষ্মন্ত কথা দিয়েছিলেন তাঁরই পুত্র ভবিষ্যতের রাজা হবেন এবং ঋষিকন্যা পাবেন রাজমহিষীর সম্মান। কিন্তু রাজা দীর্ঘ অপেক্ষার পরও ফিরে আসেননি। শকুন্তলা তাঁর অধিকার ফিরিয়ে নিতে পেরেছে এক দীর্ঘ লড়ায়ের মধ্য দিয়ে, যা খুব যে সহজ ছিল তা নয়। তাঁর অধিকার আদায়ের পূর্ব মুহূর্তের কাহিনিকে অবলম্বন করে কবি মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত 'দুষ্মন্তের প্রতি শকুন্তলা' রচনা করেছেন, যা তাঁর "বীরাঙ্গনা" পত্রকাব্যের অন্তর্গত। যেখানে শকুন্তলাকে আরও বেশি আত্মসচেতন ও আধুনিক করে দেখালেন মধুসূদন দত্ত।

অপূর্ব দক্ষতায় সেখানে শকুন্তলাকে তিনি দেখালেন অতি আধুনিকা নারীরূপে। যিনি শেষ মুহূর্ত পর্যন্ত জীবনের আশা ছাড়েন না, ইতিবাচকতার পথে চলতে এবং তা স্বীকার করতেও দ্বিধা বোধ করেন না, জীবনের আশা সহজে ত্যাগ করেন না। যিনি স্বামীকে তাঁর পরিস্থিতির কথা সুন্দরভাবে গুছিয়ে বলতে সক্ষম। নিজে সরাসরি পতি নিন্দা না করলেও লোকে যে তাঁর স্বামী সম্পর্কে খারাপ সিছে সমাজ যে তাঁর স্বামী সম্পর্কে খারাপ বলছে তাও সুকৌশলে স্বামীকে বুঝিয়ে দেন তিনি। এই বুদ্ধিমত্তা শকুন্তলাকে এক অন্যরকম তাৎপর্যে মন্ডিত করে। যদিও তিনি পত্রে নিজেকে দাসী, পদযুগলের সেবিকা ইত্যাদি বলে অভিহিত করেছেন তবু তার পত্রে এক অপূর্ব ব্যক্তিত্বের প্রকাশ আমরা লক্ষ্য করি।

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. Rising temperatures, a key indicator of climate change, significantly affect ecosystems, particularly in hilly regions where biodiversity is highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. This paper investigates the impact of rising temperatures on the biodiversity of the hilly regions of Eastern India, emphasizing the ecological imbalance, species migration, habitat loss, and decline in endemic flora and fauna. The study underscores the urgent need for climate mitigation and adaptive conservation strategies to safeguard the unique biodiversity of this region. ising temperatures exacerbate soil erosion, reduce water availability, and alter microclimatic conditions, further intensifying ecological stress. The decline in forest cover, coupled with anthropogenic pressures, has accelerated the loss of biodiversity, threatening ecosystem services crucial for local communities. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated climate mitigation policies, adaptive conservation strategies, and community-based ecological management to preserve the unique biodiversity of Eastern India’s hilly landscapes. By highlighting the complex interactions between climate change and biodiversity, this research aims to inform policymakers, conservationists, and stakeholders about proactive measures necessary for sustaining ecological balance.

This paper examines how contemporary Indian popular fiction reimagines mythological narratives to challenge and reconstruct gender roles. Focusing primarily on The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni alongside select comparative texts, the paper argues that mythological retellings function as powerful feminist interventions within popular literature. By foregrounding female subjectivity, reclaiming silenced voices, and interrogating patriarchal structures embedded in canonical texts like the Mahabharata, such narratives destabilize traditional gender hierarchies. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks from The Second Sex and Gender Trouble, the paper explores how gender is reconstructed as fluid, performative, and historically contingent. Ultimately, the study situates Indian popular fiction within broader debates on gender, authorship, and cultural memory.

This paper explores the migration and socio-economic realities of Zari artisans in Howrah district, West Bengal, with a focus on gender and informal labour structures. It traces the movement of skilled artisans from Uttar Pradesh in the 1950s, driven by declining traditional patronage and the search for better economic opportunities. Their settlement in areas such as Panchla, Domjur, and Uluberia led to the growth of vibrant Zari clusters and the transfer of specialised skills, shaping a unique hybrid craft tradition. The study highlights the crucial yet often invisible role of women, who largely engage in home-based embroidery work. Despite their significant contribution to household incomes, they face multiple constraints, including limited mobility, lack of recognition, and restricted access to resources and markets. The paper also examines the impact of recent crises, particularly demonetization and the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely disrupted livelihoods, triggered reverse migration, and exposed the fragility of this cash-dependent informal sector. Overall, the study shows that while migration has historically supported the growth of the Zari industry, it has also produced enduring vulnerabilities. It calls for more inclusive and gender-sensitive policy measures to support artisans and sustain this traditional craft.

Heat exchangers play a crucial role in modern thermal systems by enabling efficient heat transfer between fluids at different temperatures. Their performance significantly influences energy efficiency in industries such as power generation, chemical processing, refrigeration, and HVAC systems. The design parameters of heat exchangers—including geometry, flow configuration, baffle design, tube arrangement, and surface enhancement— strongly affect temperature distribution and heat transfer rate. This review paper investigates the influence of heat exchanger design on thermal performance and highlights recent developments in optimization techniques and predictive modeling. Particular emphasis is placed on shell-and-tube heat exchangers due to their widespread industrial application. The review also discusses modern design improvements such as helical baffles, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and artificial intelligencebased prediction models. Studies by Prasad and Sinha (2023a; 2023b) demonstrate the potential of optimization algorithms and neural networks in enhancing heat transfer while reducing pressure drop. Through a systematic review of previous studies, this paper identifies the key factors affecting heat exchanger performance and outlines future research directions for improving thermal efficiency and energy sustainability.

This study introduces and operationalizes the Civilizational Communication Matrix (CCM), a multi-domain diagnostic framework designed to analyze epistemic distortion within civilizational discourse (Singh, 2014–2026). Addressing a persistent limitation in qualitative research—namely, the fragmentation of analytical approaches across discourse theory, ideology critique, sociology, and communication studies (Foucault, 1972; Marx, 1867/1976; Said, 1978)—the CCM offers an integrated system for examining how knowledge is formed, structured, circulated, and stabilized. Methodologically, the framework advances a diagnostic approach grounded in the operational distinction between text data and context data, enabling systematic evaluation of text–context alignment. It further incorporates a four-dimensional analytical architecture—structural, cognitive, communicative, and operational— and a recursive system logic to trace how distortions emerge, propagate, and become reinforced across domains (Habermas, 1984; Wallerstein, 2004). The framework is applied to an unpublished non-fiction text on epistemic distortion titled Brahman teri qabra khudegi (Brahmin- your grave awaits you) by Tribhuwan Singh, an orthopaedic surgeon-tuned author, (Singh, T., 2026), treated as a discursive artifact within broader epistemic and communicative environments. The analysis demonstrates that epistemic distortion is not an isolated feature of discourse but a multi-layered, systemically reinforced condition. By extending qualitative inquiry from interpretive description toward system-level diagnosis, the CCM contributes a structured methodology for analyzing complex knowledge systems.

Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a growing concern in our society; yet, while the number of documented incidents of child sexual abuse is distressing, these startling data do not represent the full number of child sexual victimisations. The present study attempts to explore the prevalence of childhood sexually abusive events among university students. The present study aims to examine the occurrence of child sexual abuse and its impact on self-esteem among university students. Ex-post-facto, the cross-sectional research design was used to collect and analyse the data for the present study. Participants (N=150) were chosen randomly from various colleges throughout Kerala. A personal data sheet, the Early Sexual Experiences Checklist, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used to collect data. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyse data. Of the participants, 31.3% indicated that they had been exposed to some form of child sexual abuse before the age of 16 years. It was found that more female N=31 (41.3%) than male N = 16 (21.3%) students reported being exposed to CSA. It was found that male students who were victims of child sexual abuse had high self-esteem; on the other hand, females who were victims of child sexual abuse had low self-esteem. The results would indicate that child sexual abuse has a significant impact on self-esteem, and that sexually abused female students displayed lower self-esteem than female students who were not victims of child sexual abuse.

Human trafficking continues to pose a rampant issue at the Indo-Bangladesh border, as porous boundaries, socio-economic vulnerabilities, and weak enforcement result in a flourishing illegal trade in human beings. Yet despite concerted efforts by both India and Bangladesh, severe policy lacunae and execution failures remain that allow traffickers to take advantage of legal loopholes for their lack of prosecution. This article offers a critical review of the current anti-trafficking regimes in both countries, and it identifies shortcomings in law enforcement, victim identification, transnational collaboration, and victim-centred protection strategies. The article, relying on comparative case studies of good anti-trafficking measures in the US and Germany, highlights the need to introduce complete legal solutions and best practices for the context of Indo-Bangladesh. The findings show that the higher developed countries have introduced high-end surveillance systems and holistic victim assistance mechanisms, along with interfacing with the inter-agencycoordination, while the Indo-Bangladesh region still faces the challenge of fragmented and less resource-rich policies. Specific recommendations within the article are as follows: legislative reforms, collaboration in bilateral cooperation, community advocacy, and enhancing law enforcement agency capacity. Finally, these policy gaps must be filled for prevention, protection, and prosecution of human trafficking to be successful in combating one of South Asia’s most vulnerable frontiers. Results add to the evidence for policymakers, law enforcement officials, and the broader civil society organisations who wish to strengthen the anti-trafficking and human rights provisions on the Indo-Bangladesh border.

The contribution of the Christian Missionaries in the field of educational and medical development in Bengal occupies a significant place in colonial social history. Prior to colonial intervention, healthcare in regions such as Midnapore, Bankura, Manbhum, Birbhum, Burdwan the south-western portion of Bengal largely depended on indigenous systems of medicine i.e., Ayurveda, Unani and folk remedies. From the late eighteenth century onwards, Christian Missionaries began to propagate evangelical work with humanitarian services, especially in the field of healthcare and education. The London Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society, Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, German Evangelical Lutheran Mission and United Free Church of Scotland Mission played pioneering roles in integrating medicine and education into missionary activity. Missionaries realised that educational and medical charity could be the easiest tools of contact with local communities, especially among the poor and the socially excluded who were largely neglected by the colonial government. This paper explores the impact of missionary medical and educational activities in South-Western tracts of Bengal establishing them within the broader colonial context and analysing the relationship between humanitarian service, social reform and religious motivation.

This paper offers a multidimensional reading of Rabindranath Tagore’s short story Atithi (“The Guest”) through postcolonial and psychological frameworks, foregrounding the themes of rootlessness, freedom, and resistance to institutional authority. The narrative of Tarapada, a wandering boy who resists domesticity and social containment, becomes a powerful metaphor for the modern subject caught between freedom and belonging. Situating the text within the socio-historical context of colonial Bengal, the paper argues that Tarapada’s refusal to submit to family structures, education, and eventual marriage reflects a deeper resistance to colonial discipline and the imposition of normative identity. Drawing upon postcolonial theorists such as Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, the study interprets Tarapada as a liminal subject who destabilizes fixed categories of identity, belonging, and authority. Simultaneously, psychological frameworks—particularly Freudian and existential perspectives—help illuminate his compulsive mobility as both a symptom of internal conflict and an assertion of autonomy. The paper further explores the colonial education system as represented in the text, revealing how institutional pedagogy functions as a tool of control, which Tarapada instinctively rejects. A comparative reading with Tagore’s The Postmaster extends the discussion, highlighting recurring motifs of displacement, emotional detachment, and the impossibility of stable belonging in Tagore’s fiction. Through close textual analysis and critical engagement, the paper ultimately argues that Atithi is not merely a story of a restless boy but a profound meditation on the human condition, where freedom emerges as both a liberating and isolating force.

In this paper, we compare two prevalent investment avenues available to
retail investors in India — bank fixed deposits (FDs) and equity mutual
funds (EMFs). This study looks at the return, risk, inflation-adjusted
performance, liquidity, taxation, and long-term wealth creation of the two
alternatives in respect to the period 2015 to 2024. The analysis involves
secondary data from AMFI, RBI, SEBI, MoSPI, and prominent commercial
banks. Performance is measured using descriptive statistics including
compound annual growth rate (CAGR), standard deviation, coefficient of
variation, Sharpe ratio, and a wealth index simulation. The results indicate
that the fixed deposits appeal to more conservative investors because of the
consistency, predictability, and capital protection they provide. However,
over the longer term, equity mutual funds had vastly better nominal as well
as real returns and performed better for post-tax wealth creation. The paper concludes that the decision between FDs and EMFs should depend on the
investor’s age, risk tolerance, investment horizon, liquidity needs, and tax
position, not the amount of return.

The fast growth of financial technology has changed the traditional banking
environment and introduced the concept of neo banking as a convenient and
efficient digital alternative. This research aims to investigate the factors that
affect the use of neo banking and determine its role in financial well-being.
The research design is a quantitative research design based on Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that perceived ease of use,
perceived usefulness, and trust are significant predictors of neo banking
adoption with ease of use being the most significant predictor and adoptionitself having a significant positive effect on financial well-being. The
research has significant social implications as it shows that the more the neo
banking is adopted, the more financial literacy, better financial decision
making and general financial empowerment among educated professionals.

The current educational scenario needs to replace traditional, isolated subjects learning approach to an integrated subjects learning approach so that students can be prepared for a complex, technology-oriented, innovation driven, real-world scenario. The concept of computational thinking (CT) is derived from computer science. It is a set of skills that help to solve problems and offers a powerful framework for the integration of STEM. This paper explores the practical implementation of integrating computational thinking (CT) into a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) educational framework to encourage multidimensional learning in school education. The integration of CT with project-based and interdisciplinary STEM framework, acts as a powerful tool and it has a positive impact on the development of creativity, critical thinking, collaboration and self-reflection of students. This paper first develops a theoretical framework for STEAM-CT integration, and argues that CT provides a systematic way for solving the open-ended, real-world challenges ingrained in STEM projects. This paper also highlights the major barriers in implementation of this integrated STEAM-CT approach in school education. These major obstacles are untrained teachers, rigid curricula, limited resources, poor infrastructure, lack of administrative policies, cultural resistance, and lack of authentic tools for the assessment of CT. At last, this paper concludes a range of solutions for overcoming the above challenges which includes creating sufficient opportunities for redefining teacher professional development programs, developing flexible curricula, ensuring fair access to resources in under-resourced schools, and developing real assessment frameworks. By overcoming these obstacles, schools can harness the combined strengths of CT and STEAM to nurture a new generation of learners who are not only digitally literate but also creative, resilient, and ready to navigate and shape their futures.

This study examines trends in multidimensional poverty in India using official data from the National Multidimensional Poverty Index prepared by NITI Aayog with technical support from the United Nations Development Programme. The analysis is based on National Family Health Survey data from NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–21). The study focuses on changes in the incidence of multidimensional poverty at the national level and compares poverty trends between rural and urban areas. The findings show a significant decline in the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio in India during the study period, indicating that a large proportion of the population moved out of poverty. The reduction in poverty was observed in both rural and urban areas, though rural areas continued to experience higher levels of deprivation. The results highlight that while India has made substantial progress in reducing multidimensional poverty, disparities between rural and urban regions persist. The study relies exclusively on official MPI data and uses a descriptive approach based on two tables and two figures. The findings contribute to understanding recent poverty trends in India and provide useful insights for monitoring progress towards poverty reduction goals.

The current study analyses a seasonal change in various physicochemical
parameters of Varuna River at Varanasi during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Important parameters are pH, dissolved oxygen
(DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand(COD), turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were studied to assess
changes in water quality over time under different hydrological conditions.
The results indicate different seasonal trends which were predominantly
controlled by monsoonal rains, surface runoffs, dilution processes, and the incessant anthropogenic contributions. The high value of BOD and COD in
the pre-monsoon season suggests that organic pollution burden is much
higher in the low-flow environment in the pre-monsoon period than in the
high-flow period as indicated by higher turbidity of the water in the season.
The increase in the dissolved oxygen during monsoon and post monsoon
implies that recovery was partial, as more flow and natural aeration
occurred. Altogether, the identified seasonal changes demonstrate a joint
effect of natural activities and human actions on the water quality of the
Varuna River, which makes it necessary to monitor the situation in the river
seasonally and implement effective methods of pollution control.

The current study aimed to determine the level of self-confidence among secondary school students at Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lakhimpur, Assam, and to analyze differences based on gender and class level. A self-
confidence scale created by the researcher was used to collect data, and statistical techniques such as percentage analysis, mean, standard deviation, and t-test were used for data analysis. The results showed that most students had an average level of self-confidence, while fewer students fell into the low and high categories. There was a significant difference in self-confidence between male and female students, with females exhibiting higher levels of confidence. Students in Class X showed greater self-confidence than those in Class IX, and there were also notable differencesbetween the two groups.

Eco-psychology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship
between human psychology and the natural environment. In modern American poetry, nature is often portrayed not merely as a physical
landscape but as a medium through which poets explore emotional,
philosophical, and psychological experiences. Robert Frost, one of the most
prominent American poets, developed a unique poetic vision in which natural settings become a reflection of human consciousness.His poems frequently depict interactions between individuals and nature, leading to deeper insights into human life, decision-making, and existential concerns.This research paper examines eco-psychological elements in Frost’s poetry and evaluates his influence on later American poets. Through textual analysis of selected poems, the study highlights how Frost’s nature
imagery reveals psychological depth and contributes to the development of
ecological awareness in modern literature.

This paper examines the condition of women in prisons in India and the
need for better rules and support for them. The main research question is whether the present prison system is able to meet the needs and protect the rights of women prisoners. Even though the number of women prisoners is less, they face many problems because prisons are mostly designed for men. This study uses simple research methods based on books, laws, court
decisions, and government reports. It looks at laws like the constitution of India and the Prisons Act,1894 to understand the rights of women prisoners and how these laws are used in real life. The paper argues that women in prison face many difficulties such as poor medical care, lack of cleanliness, safety issues, mental stress, and problems during pregnancy and childcare. It also highlights that even when facilities like CCTV are present, there is a
lack of proper monitoring and accountability. Women often do not report problems due to fear, lack of awareness, and absence of a safe complaint system.There is also a shortage of female staff and proper support services. The paper suggests solutions such as independent monitoring of prisons, a safe and confidential complaint system, more female staff, regular inspections, better healthcare, mental support, and skill training. It concludes that prison reforms should focus not only on punishment but also on improving conditions and helping women rebuild their lives with dignity.

विकसित भारत@2047 के वर्तमान संदर्भ में पर्यटन विकास केवल ईंट-पत्थर के निर्माण को ही व्याख्यायित करती हुई नहीं होनी चाहिए बल्कि इसका उद्देश्य क्षेत्रीय विविधता के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन में निहित होना आवश्यक है| इसी परिप्रेक्ष्य में यदि हम तपोस्थली नैमिषारण्य के पर्यटन विकास की स्थिति-प्रस्थिति की चर्चा करें तो यहाँ के भविष्य की राह इसकी ‘अरण्य संस्कृति’ को पुनर्जीवित करने में ही फलित होती दृष्टिगोचर होती है| प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य नैमिषारण्य के वर्तमान पर्यटन विकास की दिशा और दशा के समीक्षा करने के साथ-ही इस प्रश्न का समुचित उत्तर तलाश करने में निहित है कि आखिरकार कैसे नैमिषारण्य की शान्ति और सात्विकता को बनाये रखते हुए प्राकृतिक पूंजी व आधुनिक और पौराणिक विरासतों का संरक्षण किया जाए जिससे आने वाले समय में यह परिक्षेत्र विश्व के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण ‘कोग्नीटिव टूरिज्म’ का केंद्र बने और निरंतरता के साथ देशी-विदेशी पर्यटक यहाँ ज्ञान और शान्ति की तलाश में आयें| इस दृष्टि से प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र नैमिषारण्य जैसे पवित्र भूमि के ‘वन’ आधारित आध्यात्मिक ढाँचे, ऋषियों के पारिस्थितिकी प्रेम और वर्तमान पर्यटन विकास के मध्य सामंजस्य स्थापित करने के तरीकों का विश्लेषण करता है| 

यह शोध-पत्र भारत में दलितों के धार्मिक परिवर्तन, विशेषतः डॉ. भीमराव आंबेडकर द्वारा प्रेरित नव-बौद्ध आंदोलन, के संदर्भ में वैवाहिक और सामुदायिक संबंधों की पुनर्संरचना का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है। अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह समझना है कि हिंदू जाति-व्यवस्था से वैचारिक और धार्मिक विच्छेद के रूप में बौद्ध धर्म ग्रहण करने से दलित समुदायों के विवाह, रिश्तेदारी, सामुदायिक एकजुटता, लैंगिक भूमिकाओं और सांस्कृतिक प्रतीकों में किस प्रकार परिवर्तन आया। शोध की पद्धति गुणात्मक-व्याख्यात्मक है, जिसमें ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथों, एथ्नोग्राफिक अध्ययनों, जीवन-कथाओं, नीतिगत दस्तावेजों और प्रकाशित शोध-सामग्री का थीमैटिक विश्लेषण किया गया है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि नव-बौद्ध धर्मांतरण केवल धार्मिक पहचान का परिवर्तन नहीं है, बल्कि यह अपमानजनक जाति-नियत सामाजिक संबंधों के विरुद्ध सम्मान, समानता और सामूहिक गरिमा पर आधारित वैकल्पिक सामाजिकता के निर्माण का प्रयास है। तथापि, विवाह-संबंधों, पारिवारिक पितृसत्ता, जाति-चिह्नित रिश्तेदारी और राज्य की आरक्षण-व्यवस्था जैसी संस्थागत शक्तियाँ इस परिवर्तन को आंशिक और जटिल बनाती हैं। निष्कर्षतः, नव-बौद्ध दलितों के बीच सामाजिक संबंधों का पुनर्गठन एक रैखिक प्रक्रिया नहीं, बल्कि प्रतिरोध, अनुकूलन और पुनर्संयोजन की बहुस्तरीय प्रक्रिया है।

Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly supports online search, recommendation, service, and purchase decisions, but its benefits coexist
with privacy concerns, opacity, perceived manipulation, and algorithm aversion. This structured integrative review explains when AI-enabled personalization improves consumer decision-making and when it weakens trust. Evidence is organized around capability quality, perceived usefulness, personalization relevance, privacy calculus, transparency, consumer control, trust, and satisfaction. The synthesis shows that personalization is valuable when recommendations are accurate, context-appropriate, explainable, fair, and correctable. Trust and satisfaction connect these evaluations with purchase intention and loyalty, whereas privacy intrusion, task complexity, product type, and digital literacy condition the effects. A trust-calibrated model and seven propositions are developed. The paper also links its technology-governance route to a companion paper on influencer credibility, electronic word-of-mouth, and social commerce. The review contributes an empirically testable framework and practical guidance for explainable recommendations, responsible data use, consumer control, human escalation, and balanced performance measurement.

The intensifying ecological crisis has underscored the need for social work to engage more directly with environmental justice, sustainability, and climate resilience. Green Social Work (GSW), as conceptualised by Dominelli (2012), expands the traditional scope of social work by linking environmental degradation with social inequality and human rights. In the Indian context, environmental challenges such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution disproportionately affect marginalised populations, including tribal communities, rural poor, and urban informal settlements (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2023). At the same time, India possesses rich indigenous ecological knowledge systems that have historically sustained environmental balance through community-based practices and ethical stewardship (Gadgil & Guha, 1992). This paper critically examines Green Social Work from an indigenous perspective by integrating ecological theory, environmental justice frameworks, and Indian traditional knowledge systems. Using a conceptual and critical review of authentic scholarly sources, the study argues that indigenous ecological knowledge provides both normative and practical foundations for contextualising GSW in India. The paper proposes an indigenous Green Social Work framework that strengthens culturally relevant practice, promotes ecological justice, and contributes to the Indianisation of the social work profession.

Women’s political participation is an essential dimension of democratic representation, social justice and inclusive governance. In India, the trajectory of women’s political participation has undergone a significant transformation from limited electoral presence to wider participation as voters, candidates, elected representatives and political leaders. The present study examines this transition from representation to leadership in contemporary India, with particular attention to electoral participation, parliamentary representation, grassroots political leadership and institutional reforms. The study is based entirely on secondary data collected from the Election Commission of India (ECI), Parliament of India, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Press Information Bureau (PIB), Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), UN Women and other authoritative institutional sources. The analysis uses descriptive and comparative methods to examine trends over time.1 The 2024 Lok Sabha election provides important evidence of the growing electoral agency of women. According to the Election Commission of India, women constituted 48.62 per cent of registered electors, with 47.63 crore women electors. Female voter turnout was 65.78 per cent, marginally higher than male turnout of 65.55 per cent. However, women’s presence among candidates remained only 9.6 per cent, and 74 women were elected to the 18th Lok Sabha, representing 13.6 per cent of the House. At the grassroots level, the picture is substantially different: more than 14.5 lakh women serve as elected representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions, constituting approximately 46 per cent of elected representatives. The study argues that Indian women are increasingly moving beyond the role of electoral participants towards political leadership and decisionmaking. Nevertheless, substantial gaps remain between numerical representation, substantive participation and effective political power. The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023, providing for one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies after the constitutionally specified census and delimitation process, represents an important institutional intervention. The paper concludes that the future of women’s political empowerment depends not merely on increasing the number of women in elected institutions but also on strengthening their autonomy, political skills, access to party structures, resources and decisionmaking authority.