This study explored the implementation status of digital initiatives in the City Government of Marawi, with particular focus on the issues, challenges, and recommendations associated with their adoption. Specifically, the research examined the types of digital initiatives implemented, their degree of adoption, the barriers affecting their effectiveness, and the strategies proposed by stakeholders to enhance their functionality. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from key government personnel and stakeholders involved in the city’s digital services through structured questionnaires and interviews. Findings revealed that social media-based services (40.0%) and internal communication tools (33.3%) were the most commonly implemented initiatives, while critical citizen-facing platforms such as online payments (22.0%), mobile services (20.0%), and open data portals (18.7%) had low adoption rates. The overall weighted mean of 1.90 indicated that digital initiatives in Marawi are generally weak in implementation. Key challenges identified included poor internet connectivity, system downtime, lack of training, limited rural access, insufficient technical support, resistance to change, and budget constraints, highlighting both technical and institutional barriers. Respondents recommended system performance improvements, staff training, awareness campaigns, technical support services, offline access options, and increased ICT budget allocations to address these challenges and enhance adoption. These recommendations underscore the need for a multi- dimensional approach that combines technological upgrades, human capacity development, inclusive access strategies, and sustainable funding. The study concluded that while Marawi has made progress in internal and communication-oriented digital tools, the implementation of advanced, citizen-centric services remains limited. Addressing infrastructural gaps, enhancing organizational capacity, and promoting inclusive access are essential to achieving effective, responsive, and sustainable digital governance. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to strengthen the impact of e-governance initiatives, contributing to improved service delivery, operational efficiency, citizen engagement, and governance outcomes, in alignment with global digital governance frameworks and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

In recent years, a global decline in democratic governance has become increasingly evident, with the expansion of authoritarian rule particularly visible in Asian politics1. In South Asia, the weakening of democratic frameworks is rooted in historical, political, and socio-economic factors. Common symptoms of democratic decay in the region include the erosion of democratic institutions, suppression of political opposition, authoritarian governance, declining electoral credibility, restrictions on press freedom, and violations of civil liberties2. These problems manifest to varying degrees across South Asian states. Recent developments in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal illustrate different dimensions of democratic crisis. Sri Lanka experienced a severe economic collapse, Bangladesh drifted toward electoral authoritarianism, and Nepal suffered from institutional fragility and frequent changes of government3. All three countries have recently witnessed transformative popular uprisings, making them critical case studies for understanding the democratic future of the region. This article argues that contemporary democratic crises are primarily driven by elite power capture, dynastic politics, and the economic failures that result from them. While recent popular movements—largely led by Generation Z and organized through digital networks—have successfully shaken entrenched political systems, their decentralized nature and the deeply embedded power of traditional elites pose serious risks to achieving sustainable institutional democratic gains. Notably, the drivers of instability across these countries are strikingly similar. Widespread public dissatisfaction arising from corruption and failures of governance has bound these movements together, giving rise to a “South Asian Spring” that reflects deep frustration with established leadership4.

Test anxiety among National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) aspirants for medical studies in India is a debatable issue as every year when the results are announced, a surge of news reports highlights anxiety-related cases involving such aspirants. The present investigation was an attempt in this context with the aim to study the test anxiety in NEET aspirants from Kargil district relocating for coaching and to propose some interventions to some extent. Using a descriptive research methodology, data of 84 students were collected through Driscoll’s Westside Test Anxiety Scale (2007) and analyzed accordingly. The findings indicate that 48.8%, of these aspirants experience levels of anxiety ranging from moderately high to extremely high and female aspirants are showing a higher incidence of test anxiety by 7% compared to males. It also indicates that an increase in NEET attempts correlates with a rise in anxiety levels.

This paper highlights that the inclusion of identity conscious Muslim majority of Kashmir into Jammu kingdom had far reaching political consequences. The Kashmiri Muslims became more conscious of their political rights therefore raised their voice against the Dogra Maharaja from time to time. They believed that Maharaja was responsible for all their miseries and therefore always in search of opportunity to browbeat the Maharaja in one way or the other. The formation of Muslim Conference provided them required platform to raise their voice against the Dogra rule. This paper also highlights the political agitations of Muslim Conference later on turned into National Coference to restore democracy from autocracy.

This study focuses on the elements that contributed to the development, expansion, and evolution of Punjabi journalism throughout the fight for independence. Punjabi journalism, as used here, refers to the printed content in various formats, including newspapers, journals, periodicals, brochures, bills, and more. In Gurmukhi. This era was thought to be a pivotal one due to the social, religious, and political changes. It attempts to depict how Punjabi journalism has brought about a complete awakening of the nation's socio-religious and political environment, bringing it closer to the door of freedom—something that would not have been possible without it. The function and significance of journalism in colonial Punjab are discussed in this piece. I also call attention to the hardships the press faced during the battle for freedom.

This paper examines a composite body of contemporary civilizational discourse expressing anxiety about identity, justice, institutional legitimacy, and historical memory in postcolonial India. Rather than adjudicating the factual truth of claims within the discourse, the study treats the material as a discursive formation and analyzes its structural features using Singh’s 2K–3C Framework of Knowledge Continuity and the Ideology versus Basket of Perspectives (IBP) approach. The analysis identifies a perceived rupture across all five stages of the epistemic cycle: archival distrust, adaptation anxiety, communicative fragmentation, stakeholder alienation, and feedback breakdown. IBP triangulation reveals that the discourse simultaneously contains structural grievances, emotional amplification, and rhetorical excess typical of societies undergoing rapid modernization. The central tension revealed is a struggle over narrative authorship and moral legitimacy. The paper argues that civilizational stability depends on restoring epistemic feedback mechanisms without erasing inherited archives. The study contributes to civilizational theory by reframing ideological conflict as a crisis of knowledge continuity.

This study examined the perceived targeting efficiency of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in Marawi City by analyzing beneficiaries’ awareness of selection criteria and perceptions of program implementation, alongside key informants’ accounts of implementation challenges, discretion, and inclusion–exclusion issues. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative surveys of 100 4Ps beneficiary households and qualitative interviews with 10 key informants composed of local government officials, program implementers, and community leaders across selected barangays. Findings revealed that the majority of beneficiaries lived under conditions of severe poverty, with 87% reporting household incomes below ₱10,000 and 70% being unemployed. While awareness of eligibility criteria was generally high, gaps in clarity and communication persisted. Beneficiaries expressed generally positive views of program accessibility and grievance mechanisms; however, both beneficiaries and implementers identified serious targeting challenges. These included inconsistent application of selection criteria, political influence, and documentation barriers, particularly in remote and vulnerable communities. Inclusion and exclusion errors were widely reported, with 90% of beneficiaries citing the exclusion of deserving households as a major concern. Grievance mechanisms, though present, were perceived as insufficient in resolving targeting inaccuracies. The study concludes that although the 4Ps program contributes to poverty alleviation in Marawi City, its targeting efficiency remains constrained by governance, documentation, and accountability issues. Strengthening screening procedures, simplifying documentation requirements, enhancing grievance systems, and reducing political interference are essential to improving program equity and effectiveness, particularly in conflict-affected and culturally distinct contexts.

Autonomous, goal oriented, and adaptive decision-making, known as agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a new development in the further development of financial inclusion. The paper will discuss the effects of agentic AI on digital banking and microfinance and how it can help overcome current obstacles to underserved audiences, such as access to credit, high operational costs, information asymmetry, and financial literacy. The paper examine the use of agentic AI in customer onboarding, alternative credit assessment, personalised financial services, fraud detection and automation of operations. The results show that agentic AI improves financial inclusion, namely through dynamic risk estimation, adaptive loan design, personalized financial education, and proactive risk management of a portfolio, especially in microfinance institutions and digital banking services. Simultaneously, the paper defines such serious problems as algorithmic bias, transparency, data privacy, regulatory uncertainty, and gaps in digital capability. This paper speculates that the agentic AI can be employed inclusively to its fullest potential through responsible use that is backed by ethical design principles, human control and effective governance frameworks. The work is a contribution to the new body of literature on AI-based financial inclusion, as it views agentic AI as a strategic facilitator to sustainable and equitable financial ecosystems.

This article discusses the intersection of geopolitics with International Law; by doing so the authors will explain how states take positions regarding the legality of war and the right to sovereignty based upon their own geopolitical interests and border disputes. In particular, this paper analyzes India's response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; the authors seek to determine how India reconciles its geopolitical interests with the UN Charter's prohibition against aggressive acts and affirmation of sovereignty in order to promote its national interest through foreign policy means, particularly through its relationship with Russia. Using the theories of Legal Realism and Geopolitical Theory, the authors analyze India's decision to abstain from voting on UN resolutions condemning Russia's actions, India's promotion of a peaceful resolution to the conflict, and India's use of the term "multipolarity" as a way of promoting an approach that is both normatively compliant and pragmatically beneficial for its geopolitical interests. Overall, the authors' research finds that India's position is reflective of the lessons India has learned in its border disputes with China along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and in its dispute over Kashmir with Pakistan; specifically, India is using diplomatic approaches to engage with these countries, in order to avoid creating precedent that would undermine India's sovereign rights to territorial control. Additionally, the authors find that India is criticizing the selective enforcement of international law by developed countries; however, India's criticism of selective enforcement by developed countries has led to charges of hypocrisy by those same countries, as evidenced by sanctions imposed upon Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine. The authors conclude that India's approach to resolving multipolar conflict through the lens of international law represents the views of the Global South, and contributes to the ongoing debate about how to reform international law to make it applicable equitably in times of conflict among multiple actors. Furthermore, the authors believe that the implications of this research are that there will be increased calls for reform of the United Nations system, and increased reliance on adaptive diplomacy in the era of hybrid warfare. Overall, this paper provides insight into how middle powers reconcile the laws of international relations with their ability to exercise political power in times of crisis.

মহাপুৰুষ শ্রীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ অসমৰ জাতীয় জীৱনৰ গুৰু । তেওঁ একশৰণ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ৰচনা কৰা বিভিন্ন গীত-পদ-নাটক আদিৰে সমসাময়িক অসমীয়া সমাজখনত গা কৰি উঠা ধৰ্মীয় গোৰামি, জাত-পাতৰ বিচাৰ, কুসংস্কাৰ, উশৃংখলতা আদি দূৰ কৰি সমন্বয়-সংহতি পূৰ্ণ এখন সমাজ গঢ়িবলৈ অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল । সেয়ে তেওঁ কীত্তৰ্ন-ঘোষাৰ শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণৰ বৈকুণ্ঠ প্ৰয়াণ খণ্ডৰ ৩৮ নং পদত লিখিছিল- 'ব্ৰাহ্মণৰ চণ্ডালৰ নিবিচাৰি কুল /দাতাত চোৰত দৃষ্টি সমতুল //'১ । বিশ্বজনীন সদ্ভাৱনাৰে অসমীয়াৰ মনত-প্ৰাণত সংস্কাৰমুখী পৰিৱেশ ৰচনা কৰা শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শবাদী চিন্তা-চেতনা তেৰাৰ শিষ্য-প্ৰশিষ্যসকলকে প্ৰমুখ্যে কৰি বৰ্তমানৰ বহু শিল্পী-সাহিত্যিকৰ ৰচনাৰাজিত বিচাৰি পোৱা যায় ।

ভূপেন হাজৰিকা অসম তথা ভাৰতৰ এজন স্বনামধন্য গীতিকাৰ । তেওঁ দৃঢ়তাৰে আধুনিক অসমীয়া গীতি-সাহিত্যক বিশ্বমুখী গতি প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল । হাজৰিকাই স্বকীয় গীতি-চেতনাৰে সামাজিক, সাংস্কৃতিক, ৰাজনৈতিক, অৰ্থনৈতিক, শৈক্ষিক আদি বিষয়ৰ বহু প্ৰাসংগিক গীত ৰচনা কৰিলেও তেওঁৰ কিছু সংখ্যক গীতত প্ৰতিভাত হোৱা মহাপুৰুষ শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শ আৰু তেৰাৰ প্ৰতি থকা অচলা ভক্তি মনকৰিবলগীয়া । ১৯৩৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ১১ বছৰ বয়সত গীতিকাৰজনে ৰচনা কৰা "কুসুম্বৰ পুত্ৰ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰ গুৰুৱে ধৰিছিল নামৰে তান" শীৰ্ষক গীতটিয়ে এই দিশৰ প্ৰমাণ । গীতটিত কুসুম্বৰ ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ শঙ্কৰদেৱে পৱিত্ৰ বৰদোৱা থানত হৰিনামৰ মাহাত্ম্য প্ৰচাৰ কৰি আধ্যাত্মিক আনন্দ বিলোৱা; ৰজাঘৰীয়াৰ পৰা যন্ত্ৰণা ভোগ কৰিও জনসাধাৰণৰ কল্যাণৰ বাবে সেই দুখলৈ পিঠি দি অসমৰ গাঁৱে-ভূঞে নামঘৰ সাজি, ভাওনা-বৰগীতেৰে ৰাইজক একত্ৰিত কৰি সংহতি স্থাপন কৰা বৰ্ণনা গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰতি থকা শ্ৰদ্ধা-ভক্তিৰে পৰিচায়ক বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি—

‘‘কুসুম্বৰ পুত্র শ্রীশঙ্কৰ গুৰুৱে

ধৰিছিল নামৰে তান,

নামৰে সুৰতে আনন্দত নাচিছিল

পৱিত্র বৰদোৱা থান, মোৰ গুৰু ঐ,

পৱিত্র বৰদোৱা থান ।

অশেষ যাতনা ভুঞ্জিলা শ্রীশঙ্কৰ

ধৰমৰ নামতে তুমি

সকলো দুখলৈ পিঠি দিলা গুৰু

ধন্য অসম ভূমি মোৰ গুৰু ঐ,

ধন্য অসম ভূমি।।’’২

ভূপেন হাজৰিকাই জগত গুৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ অৱদানক আধুনিক গীতৰ ভাবনাৰে ভক্তিযুক্ত ভাৱে সোঁৱৰণ কৰি তেৰাৰ অবৰ্তমানত অনুভৱ কৰা কাৰুণ্যতা পাঠক-শ্ৰোতাৰ আগত ৰসবোধৰে তুলি ধৰা গীতটিৰ প্রসংগত পুলিন কলিতাই “অগ্নিযুগৰ ফিৰিঙতি” গ্ৰন্থত আগবঢ়োৱা মন্তব্য এনেধৰণৰ –

● স্কুলীয়া ছাত্র হৈ থাকোতে, ১৯৩৭ চনত কলম হাতত তুলি লৈয়েই তেওঁ যি লিখিলে, শংকৰদেৱৰ স্মৃতিত ৰচিত ই এটা মনোৰম কবিতা । দীর্ঘ পয়াৰ ছন্দৰ কবিতাটোৰ ভাবে ক'তো উজুটি খোৱা নাই, দক্ষ কবিৰ দৰে লিখি পেলাইছে তেওঁ কবিতাটো । শংকৰদেৱক শ্রদ্ধা নিবেদিবলৈ আমাৰ ভাষাত চৰিত পুথিকে ধৰি অসংখ্য প্রবন্ধ-কবিতা ৰচিত হৈছিল । কিন্তু মাত্র এটা শাৰীত শংকৰদেৱৰ সৃষ্টিৰাজিৰ উল্লেখেৰে তেৰাৰ প্রতি আন্তৰিক শ্রদ্ধা নিবেদন কৰিব পৰাটো কৃতিত্বৰ পৰিচায়ক-বিশেষতঃ তেতিয়া হাজৰিকাৰ বয়স আছিল দহ/এঘাৰ বছৰমানহে । বিশেষকৈ দুটা শাৰীৰ পাঠে আমাক এজন শব্দ প্রয়োগত সিদ্ধহস্ত, দক্ষ কবিৰ কথা মনত পেলাই দিয়ে- ‘নামঘৰ সাজিলা, ৰাইজক থাপিলা একতাৰ আসনত আনি/ভাওনা-সোণতে বৰগীত-সুৱগা প্রচাৰিলা দেৱবাণী ।’৩

ভূপেন হাজৰিকাই ‘মহাবাহু ব্রহ্মপুত্র মহামিলনৰ তীৰ্থ’ শীৰ্ষক গীতটিত ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ দুপাৰৰ ঐতিহ্য বৰ্ণনা কৰিবলৈ গৈ ‘সুদূৰ কান্যকুব্জৰেপৰা বাৰভূঞা আহিছিলে/সেই বংশতে শঙ্কৰদেউ ইয়াতে জনমিলে'৪ বুলি বৰ অসমৰ খনিকৰ স্বৰূপ শংকৰদেৱৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ কথা উপস্থাপন কৰি অসম নামৰ ভূখণ্ডত প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ প্ৰাচীনতা আৰু অসমীয়া জাতি গঠন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত জাতি-জনগোষ্ঠীৰ অৱদান শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে ।

Posthuman storytelling has emerged as a significant mode in contemporary English literature, reflecting growing cultural engagement with Artificial Intelligence, biotechnology, and ethical uncertainty. Literary texts increasingly depict artificial beings and posthuman subjects to question traditional ideas of identity, moral agency, and human superiority. This paper examines how posthuman narratives explore Artificial Intelligence, ethics, and identity through close textual analysis of Ian McEwan’s Machines Like Me (2019) and Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go (2005). Drawing on posthumanist theory, the study argues that these novels present AI and bioengineered beings not as mere technological threats but as ethical mirrors that expose human responsibility, emotional vulnerability, and moral inconsistency. The paper demonstrates that posthuman storytelling redefines humanity as relational, ethically accountable, and interconnected rather than biologically exclusive. By situating literature within contemporary technological debates, this research highlights the role of fiction in shaping ethical understanding in an increasingly posthuman world.

The focus of Independent India has always been on the soul of India i.e. Rural Development and Social Justice. There was a crucial effort that Dalit empowerment was in the centre but various complexities are also found to be associated with it. The policies, their implication and their outcomes are highly dependent on their design, their true implementation and the intention of the removal of social discrimination. The current research study is a systematic review regarding the government approach of Dalit empowerment through various central rural development policies. These are MGNREGA (MG National Rural Employment Guarantee Act), NRLM (National Rural Livelihoods Mission), PMAY-G (Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojna – Gramin), PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana). These schemes were aimed for the rural development and they specially supported the Dalit society of rural India. The methods used in the current study is PRISMA framework and the literature analysed for the data came from the various government reports, academic journals and other empirical studies occurred between 2005-2014. From the research findings we came out with the idea that these all four policies have significantly increased the opportunities in employment, livelihood, housing and skill development for the Dalit communities. However, in context of empowerment there is uneven success across regions and groups that are highly based on the environmental factors and social factors. MGNREGA scheme helped to improve the financial security of Dalit workers but it also suffered the waste discrimination and delay in the payment system. NRLM scheme promoted collective agency and self-help groups for the upliftment of Dalit women communities but it also faces institutional weakness and limited sustainability. PMAY-G scheme on one hand improved housing quality and the social dignity for the Dalit communities but as limitation the land ownership issues and the local inequalities could not be fully addressed. PMKVY scheme provided various kinds of trainings in skill development, also provided the platform for the new job opportunities but the rural job absorption is significantly low. So the long term benefits from the PMKVY were not so significant. For the real Dalit empowerment not just the policy inclusion is required but on the ground level social support is necessary. It also requires the structural changes, intersectional understandings and the participatory governance and involvement of society and its stakeholders. The current report suggests an approach of convergence which combines economic, social and political empowerment for the sustainable rural development and Dalit empowerment.

Background: Women’s football in India has evolved significantly over the past five decades despite facing socio-cultural barriers, limited institutional support, and infrastructural challenges. From informal school-level participation in the 1970s to the establishment of structured competitions and professional leagues, the sport reflects broader changes in gender roles and sports governance in India. Certain regions—Manipur, West Bengal, Odisha, and Kerala—have emerged as key developmental hubs.

Objectives: This study aims to trace the historical evolution of women’s football in India; examine the role of selected regional hubs in talent development and competitive growth; analyze socio-cultural, economic, and institutional influences on participation; and identify achievements, challenges, and future directions for sustainable development.

Methods: The study adopts a qualitative descriptive research design based on secondary data analysis. Sources include academic journal articles, AIFF reports (2016–2023), historical records, and regional case studies. A thematic regional analysis approach was used to compare contributions, socio-cultural contexts, institutional mechanisms, and developmental outcomes across the four selected states.

Results: Findings reveal that Manipur has consistently produced international-level players due to strong grassroots networks and cultural acceptance. West Bengal has leveraged its urban club structure and school tournaments to provide competitive exposure. Odisha has promoted inclusion through state-supported academies and tribal outreach programs, while Kerala has integrated progressive educational and sports initiatives to foster female participation. Across regions, women’s football has contributed to social empowerment, leadership development, and mobility for marginalized girls. However, challenges such as financial constraints, infrastructural gaps, limited professional contracts, and unequal media coverage persist.

Conclusion: Women’s football in India demonstrates transformative potential for gender equality and social development. Strengthening grassroots systems, expanding professional pathways, enhancing infrastructure, and ensuring inclusive policy support are essential for sustainable growth and international competitiveness.

Nowadays as there is a large shortage of energy source like wood, coal, natural gases, kerosene, diesel, petrol etc. And day by day the prices of these fuels are going hike, leading to demand of energy source. Hence, production of alternative fuel becomes necessary and which in turn lead to the production of biomass fuel briquettes. Biomass Briquettes are a fast-growing product in India since it is easy to use, ecofriendly, economical and can be produced in bulk quantity to fulfil the alternative source of fuel. Biomass briquettes are made utilizing agricultural wastes such as coconut shell, areca sheath, sugarcane straw, coffee husk, rice husk, groundnut shells etc., forestry wastes such as leaves, dry woods etc. and industrial wastes such as saw dust, molasses, charcoal etc. Bio mass Briquettes have wide application in domestic and industrial purposes.

Therefore, in present work Fuel briquettes were produced using Bagasse and areca sheets mixing with different binders. Such that the low-density waste is converted into high density biomass fuels to obtain higher calorific value fuel briquette.

This paper examines the growing influence of social media on democratic practices in India and critically analyzes the role of education in shaping informed, responsible, and participatory digital citizens. In the contemporary democratic landscape, social media has emerged as a powerful platform for political communication, civic engagement, and social mobilization, particularly among students and youth. Simultaneously, challenges such as misinformation, political polarization, hate speech, and digital manipulation have raised serious concerns regarding the quality of democratic participation. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach based on secondary sources, including scholarly literature, policy documents, and research reports. It explores how education can strengthen democratic values through media literacy, critical thinking, and civic education. The paper argues that education plays a crucial role in ensuring that social media contributes positively to Indian democracy by promoting ethical digital engagement, informed participation, and democratic citizenship.

Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century analytic philosophy, he thinks about language, meaning, and understanding. Wittgenstein’s concept of ‘form of life’ is essential to understand the broader context of his philosophy. In his work Philosophical Investigations, he is introduced the concept of a “form of life” as a different dimensions of language as well as meaning determination. Linguistic analysis is the method he suggests for investigating into the potencies of uses, analyzing and observing that helps the puzzles disappear. His very popular statement ‘do not ask for meaning ask for the use’ is highly liked by the scholars for giving importance to convention as a device against those who put a fixed meaning of the language in the center of their systems of philosophy. In brief, his problem is not what the language and the meaning are but how the language is used for different meanings in different contexts. The idea of ‘form of life’ highlights the ways in which our understanding of the world is shaped by our cultural and social contexts, and it underscores the importance of shared practices in making communication and understanding possible. While the concept has been the subject of debate, it remains a central and influential idea in contemporary philosophy, offering valuable insights into the nature of human life and the role of language in shaping our experiences.

प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र समकालीन डिजिटल युग में 'डिजिटल उपवास' (Digital Detox) की बढ़ती प्रासंगिक अवधारणा और इसके सामाजिक-मानसिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण करता है। सूचना क्रांति के इस दौर में स्मार्टफोन और सोशल मीडिया की अति-निर्भरता ने शहरी युवाओं के बीच 'हाइपर-कनेक्टिविटी' को जन्म दिया है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप तनाव, अनिद्रा और FOMO (छूट जाने का डर) जैसी समस्याएँ उभरी हैं। इस अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह पता लगाना है कि तकनीकी उपकरणों से स्वेच्छा से बनाई गई दूरी युवाओं के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य और उनके वास्तविक सामाजिक संबंधों को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करती है। शोध में प्राथमिक और द्वितीयक डेटा का उपयोग करते हुए यह देखा गया है कि डिजिटल उपवास न केवल मानसिक थकान को कम करने में सहायक है, बल्कि यह व्यक्ति को अपने भौतिक परिवेश और परिवार के साथ पुनः जुड़ने का अवसर प्रदान करता है। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष यह दर्शाते हैं कि यद्यपि डिजिटल उपवास के शुरुआती चरणों में युवाओं में 'विंड्रॉल सिम्पटम्स' (बेचैनी) देखे जाते हैं, परंतु दीर्घकालिक रूप से यह एकाग्रता बढ़ाने और सामाजिक अलगाव (Social Alienation) को कम करने में प्रभावी सिद्ध होता है। यह शोध अंततः 'डिजिटल मिनिमलिज्म' और तकनीक के सचेत उपयोग की आवश्यकता पर बल देता है।

Job burnout among secondary school teachers in West Bengal has emerged as a critical issue, influenced by factors such as workload, administrative pressures, and socio-economic challenges. This study investigates the interplay between job burnout, locus of control, and the necessity for stress management interventions in this demographic. Drawing from psychological theories like Maslach's burnout model and Rotter's locus of control, the research aims to identify how internal versus external locus of control moderate’s burnout levels and to propose targeted interventions.
A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving a sample of 300 secondary school teachers from urban and rural districts in West Bengal. Quantitative data were collected using standardized instruments: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) for assessing emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment; the Rotter's Locus of Control Scale to measure internal-external orientations; and a custom questionnaire on stress perceptions and intervention needs. Qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 50 participants to explore contextual factors like classroom overcrowding, policy changes, and pandemic aftermath. Results revealed high burnout prevalence (62% moderate to severe), with external locus of control significantly correlating with elevated exhaustion (r = 0.45, p < 0.01). Teachers with internal locus reported better coping mechanisms but still highlighted needs for mindfulness training and organizational support. Regression analysis indicated that locus of control accounts for 28% variance in burnout scores, underscoring its moderating role. The findings advocate for tailored stress management programs, including workshops on cognitive restructuring, yoga-based relaxation, and policy reforms for workload reduction. Implementing these could enhance teacher well-being, retention, and educational quality in West Bengal's secondary schools. Future research should longitudinal track intervention efficacy.

இவ்வாய்வு தமிழ் எழுத்து அமைப்பை எண்-அடிப்படையில் மறுவடிவமைக்கும் ஒரு புதிய Scriptological மற்றும் Mathematical மாதிரியை முன்வைக்கிறது. உயிரெழுத்துகள் எண் மதிப்புகளாகவும், மெய்யெழுத்துகள் அடிப்படை வடிவங்களாகவும் கருதப்பட்டு, உயிர்மெய் எழுத்துக்கள் கணிதப் புணர்ச்சி விதிகளின் அடிப்படையில் உருவாக்கப்படுகின்றன. இம்மாதிரி மூலம் 247 தமிழ் எழுத்துக்களையும் ஒரு ஒருங்கிணைந்த எண்-அல்காரிதம் அமைப்புக்குள் விளக்க முடிகிறது. மேலும், இக்கோட்பாடு மொழியியல் மற்றும் கணிதத்தின் சந்திப்புப் பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு புதுமையான அணுகுமுறையாகும். இது டிஜிட்டல் செயலாக்கம், கணினி மொழியியல், செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு மற்றும் Unicode Encoding துறைகளில் பயன்படும் திறன் கொண்டது. தமிழ் எழுத்து அமைப்பை உலகளாவிய கணித-மொழியியல் தரநிலைக்கு கொண்டு செல்லும் அடிப்படை மாதிரியாக இக்கோட்பாடு அமைகிறது

Virtual reality (VR) gaming has emerged as a revolutionary technology, transforming the way we experience and interact with digital worlds. This paper explores the evolution of VR gaming, from its early beginnings to its current state, and discusses its potential future developments especially in Gen Z by taking a sample 253 participants in North East. We delve into the unique features of VR gaming, such as immersive environments, interactive experiences, and the sense of presence, which distinguish it from traditional gaming. Furthermore, we examine the psychological and physiological effects of VR gaming, including its potential impact on cognitive abilities, motor skills, and social interactions. The paper also highlights the challenges and limitations of VR gaming, such as motion sickness, hardware costs, and accessibility. We also explore the role of VR gaming in enhancing player engagement and motivation, and its potential for social interaction and collaboration. The paper further discusses the potential of VR gaming in various industries, such as education, healthcare, and tourism. In education, VR gaming can create interactive and immersive learning experiences, enhancing student engagement and retention. In healthcare, VR gaming can be used for rehabilitation, pain management, and mental health therapy. In tourism, VR gaming can provide virtual tours of destinations, allowing users to explore new places without leaving their homes. Additionally, the paper examines the ethical considerations surrounding VR gaming, such as privacy concerns, addiction, and the impact of violent content on players. The paper also discusses the role of VR gaming in promoting diversity and inclusivity, and its potential for creating new forms of artistic expression. Conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and future potential of VR gaming, shedding light on its opportunities and challenges. By exploring the unique features, benefits, and limitations of VR gaming, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role and impact of this technology.

ସାରାଂଶ: ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଭାରତୀୟ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ଏକ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ ଓ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ଶାଖା, ଯାହାର ମୂଳ ଉତ୍ସ ବେଦିକ ସମୟରୁ ନିର୍ମିତ ହୋଇଛି। ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ଦୁଇ ଆଧାର — ଲୋକ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଓ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ — ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ଉଭୟକୁ ସମନ୍ୱୟ କରିଛି। ଏହାର ମୂଳ ଉପାଦାନ ହେଉଛି ରାଗ ଓ ତାଳ, ଯାହା ୩୬ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଓ ୯୯ ଶୃତି ଆଧାରରେ ଗଠିତ। ଏହି ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ — ଗୀତିକା, ଭଜନ, ଧ୍ରୁପଦ, ଛନ୍ଦ, ଲକ୍ଷଣ ଗୀତ ଆଦି — ଏହାର ସମୃଦ୍ଧତା ପ୍ରମାଣ କରେ। ପରିବେଶ ଓ ଭାବନା ସହିତ ଏହାର ଗାଢ଼ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ରହିଛି, ଯାହା ଶ୍ରୋତାଙ୍କୁ ଆନ୍ତରିକ ଆନନ୍ଦ ଓ ଆତ୍ମିକ ଶାନ୍ତି ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ। ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀୟ ନିୟମ, ରାଗ, ସୁର ଓ ତାଳର ସମନ୍ୱୟ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସଙ୍ଗୀତକୁ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଓ ଗଭୀର ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀୟ ପରମ୍ପରା ଭାବେ ପରିଚିତ କରାଇଛି।

This paper constructs and empirically tests a combined analytical model that establishes and demonstrates links between the quality of ESG reporting, access to sustainable finance, adoption of green accounting, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and circular-economy eventuation and the adoption of climate-responsive business models. Based on the conceptual framework of the tri-faith approach called the triple-bottom-line and shared-value ones, it is possible to conceptualise the role of disclosure credibility, monetary incentives, internalisation of environmental costs, and cyclical operational strategies in the context of organisational adjustment to climate resilience and low-carbon value creation. The empirical design will involve a mixed-method design, which will involve (1) content analysis of sustainability disclosures over 80 large corporations (2018–2023), (2) panel regression models analysing the effects of cost-of-capital and circular investment, and (3) semistructured interviews with sustainability executives. Results show that the quality of ESG reporting is significantly related to lowering the cost of capital, the adoption of green accounting positively predicts circular investment intensity, and sustainable finance shows a partial mediation effect between disclosure and investment. The interaction effects point to strategic complementarity between the credibility of disclosure and circular investments in climate responsive business model transformation. The research has a theoretical, managerial and policy contribution to the future development of integrating systemic sustainability.
ESG reporting, sustainable finance, green accounting, circular economy, climate-responsive business models, disclosure quality

In India, investment has always been an issue for its development. Those countries which are already developed are now focusing on new markets where there is abundant labours, scope for production, and high profit are achieved. In India, most of the FDI is directed towards infrastructure and energy resources. Global integration, job creation, technical advancement, and economic growth are all significantly accelerated by foreign direct investment (FDI). Policy liberalization, market size, demographic advantage, and digital change have made India one of the most alluring investment locations in the world. This study looks at India's global positioning, sectorspecific investment trends, and strategic FDI policies. In order to comprehend how India uses FDI as a vehicle for economic development, it examines sectorial distribution, policy reforms, and comparative worldwide perspectives. In order to improve investment inflows, the report also identifies policy proposals and difficulties.

Women’s empowerment and leadership development have increasingly emerged as central determinants of inclusive and sustainable nation building. While access to education has expanded globally, the translation of educational attainment into effective leadership among women remains uneven due to psychological, socio-cultural, and curricular limitations. This study examines the educational philosophy of Swami Vivekananda and evaluates its relevance for cultivating leadership qualities and holistic empowerment among women in contemporary India. Adopting a qualitative analytical and conceptual research design, the study synthesizes philosophical texts, peer-reviewed scholarly literature, and policy documents to identify the ethical, psychological, and pedagogical principles that underpin transformative education. The study identifies five interlinked dimensions of holistic empowerment—cognitive development, character formation, emotional intelligence, social responsibility, and leadership readiness—as the core drivers linking education with nation-building capacity. The analysis reveals that character formation, self-confidence, emotional maturity, and civic awareness are foundational elements connecting education with leadership preparedness. The findings further indicate a persistent gap between value-oriented philosophical ideals and prevailing educational practices, where leadership training and emotional development remain underrepresented. To address this disparity, the study proposes an integrative educational framework that combines cognitive learning with ethical orientation, psychological empowerment, and experiential leadership development. The research contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship by bridging indigenous philosophical insights with contemporary educational theory and by offering a practical model for curriculum reform. The study concludes that holistic, value-based education can function as a strategic catalyst for empowering women as active nation builders, thereby fostering gender equity, social cohesion, and long-term societal progress.

It is my great pleasure to present Volume 5, Issue 2 (February 2026) of the International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Reviews (IJMRR). The journal continues its mission of promoting high-quality scholarly research that bridges diverse academic disciplines and encourages intellectual exchange among researchers across the globe.

In today’s rapidly evolving academic landscape, multidisciplinary collaboration plays a crucial role in addressing complex societal, scientific, and technological challenges. This issue features a diverse collection of research articles contributed by scholars and professionals from various fields, reflecting innovative ideas, analytical rigor, and meaningful insights.

The editorial team remains committed to maintaining a rigorous peer-review process, ensuring that each manuscript published in the journal meets high academic and ethical standards. We sincerely appreciate the dedication of our reviewers, editorial board members, and contributors whose efforts help maintain the quality and credibility of the journal.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all authors who have entrusted us with their valuable research work. Their contributions not only enrich the academic community but also promote interdisciplinary dialogue and knowledge dissemination.

We warmly invite researchers, academicians, and professionals to continue submitting their original research articles, review papers, and case studies to future issues of the journal. Together, we strive to advance scholarly excellence and foster a vibrant platform for global academic collaboration.

hope that the articles published in this issue will inspire further research and contribute positively to the advancement of knowledge.

TABLE OF CONTENTS : Vol. 5 No. 3 ( March 2026)
SERIAL NO- ARTICLE TITLE-AUTHORS- D.O.I.- PAGES

This article examines the intersection of Dalit feminism, migration, and
transnational care economies in India within the framework of global
feminist perspectives. Situated against the backdrop of caste-based
marginalization and gendered inequalities, Dalit women’s migration—both
internal and transnational—is shaped by structural constraints as well as
opportunities for agency. The study foregrounds how processes of rural–
urban migration, participation in informal and global labour markets, and
involvement in care economies produce new forms of identity,
vulnerability, and negotiation. Rather than interpreting migration solely as
displacement or exploitation, the article conceptualizes it as a site of
negotiated agency, where Dalit women strategically navigate caste
hierarchies, economic precarity, and patriarchal norms across local and global contexts.
Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and interdisciplinary
approach, using textual analysis of Dalit feminist writings, policy review,
and secondary data on migration and labour. Guided by an intersectional
framework, it examines how caste, gender, class, and global economic
structures shape migration experiences.
The analysis demonstrates that Dalit women’s participation in migration and
care work is characterized by both exploitation and empowerment, mediated
through everyday negotiations with family structures, labour markets, and
institutional systems. While transnational care economies often reproduce
inequalities, they also create spaces for economic mobility, identity
transformation, and collective assertion. The article concludes that Dalit
feminism offers a critical lens for rethinking global feminism by
foregrounding caste as a central axis of power and by emphasizing
negotiation as a key mode of feminist practice. It calls for more inclusive
policy frameworks and feminist analyses that recognize the complexity of
Dalit women’s lived experiences in a globalizing world.

This research paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of Offer for Sale (OFS) and Initial Public Offering (IPO) performance on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The study explores the structural, regulatory, and market dynamics influencing both instruments, evaluates investor participation patterns, and assesses their impact on company financing and stock liquidity. A substantial literature review underpins the analysis, highlighting established findings on IPO behavior and emerging insights on OFS. Using recent market data from 2024–2025, this paper concludes with strategic implications and directions for future research.

The field of Education in the last two decades has seen a sea of changes. The advent of online education has redefined the meaning, structure and practice of education. The structural, pedagogical changes have affected teaching-learning process, assessment and roles of the institutions. Online education has been touted to democratize education because of its “easy access”, learner centric approach, flexibility of time, unrestrained space, hybrid/blended learning with special emphasis on skill acquisition and employability. With so much of hype and promises around all the statutory bodies, central, state and private universities have embraced online education resulting in a boom of Ed-tech companies. The Covid Pandemic accelerated the process. What has been the impact of online education? Can it replace the traditional classroom learning? If traditional classroom is truly replaced what will be its implication? Has online education as flattered by Ed-tech companies lived up to its expectations? The article tries to throw some light on the same.