The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Regulatory Sandbox plays a pivotal role in accelerating innovation within India’s fintech ecosystem by providing a controlled, risk-mitigated environment for live testing of new financial products, services, and business models. It enables innovators to experiment under regulatory oversight while temporarily relaxing select compliance requirements, thereby lowering entry barriers and development costs. The sandbox also facilitates structured dialogue between fintech firms, regulators, and incumbent financial institutions, allowing the RBI to better understand emerging technologies such as digital payments, alternative lending, blockchain, and reg-tech. Insights from pilot experiments help refine regulatory frameworks, balancing innovation with consumer protection, cybersecurity, and financial stability. For startups, the sandbox enhances credibility, speeds product-market validation, and improves access to partnerships and investment. Overall, the RBI’s Regulatory Sandbox acts as a catalyst for responsible innovation, supporting financial inclusion, competition, and resilience in India’s rapidly evolving digital financial landscape.

The intersection of English literature and artificial intelligence (AI) has become an emergent field of inquiry, raising questions about authorship, originality, and the ethics of machine creativity. This paper explores the implications of AI-generated texts within the domain of literature, considering both the opportunities and challenges posed by machine creativity. By drawing on theories of authorship from Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault, as well as contemporary debates on digital humanities and computational creativity, the study examines how AI technologies such as large language models transform traditional notions of literary production. Through analysis of ethical concerns—including intellectual property, authenticity, and cultural bias—the paper highlights the tensions between human and machine authorship. It argues that while AI offers unprecedented tools for literary experimentation and democratization, it simultaneously disrupts the human-centred ethics that have historically governed literature. Ultimately, the study positions AI not as a replacement for human creativity but as a collaborator that challenges us to rethink the foundations of literary value and responsibility in the twenty-first century.

This study looks at how students’ skills improve in Communicative Language Teaching classrooms in India, with a focus on Odisha. It looks at how listening, speaking, reading, and writing develop in CLT classrooms. It also considers the challenges learners and teachers face. There are different types of secondary sources of data, including policy documents, ELT studies, classroom reports, and curriculum guides that have been used to gather insights for the study. All of these sources have largely helped in the matter of explaining the local conditions and the specific teaching practices. It has been found that the skill of speaking and listening enhances much faster than writing and reading. Though the positivity and the effectiveness of the outcomes may differ in response to the level of confidence among different students, readiness among the teachers, and mostly the differences in support from schools. The study suggests practical strategies like task-based learning, peer support, and using digital tools. These findings guide better CLT practice and future research in similar regions.

The current paper is a research study done to examine Emotional Intelligence (EI) of student-teachers in pre-service in Manipur with a comparative study in D.El.Ed and B.Ed courses. The study used stratified random sampling to sample 300 pre-service student-teachers (150 D.El.Ed and 150 B.Ed) across teacher education institutions in Imphal East and Imphal West with the help of descriptive survey approach. The Emotional Intelligence Scale by Hyde, Pethe, and Dhar (2002) that comprises ten dimensions of EI was used to collect the data. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests. The results showed that general level of Emotional Intelligence in pre-service student-teachers was mediocre. Factorwise analysis also showed that the levels were normal in all ten dimensions of EI. Also, there was no difference between the D.El.Ed and B.Ed studentteachers in terms of their Emotional Intelligence. The research highlights the importance of incorporating the organized training in Emotional Intelligence in teacher education programmes to facilitate the emotional competence and professional readiness of the future teachers.

Gandhian secularism views the state as religiously neutral, protecting all faiths equally, while emphasizing that religion is a personal matter for spiritual growth, not political power. It promotes sarva dharma samabhava (equal respect for all religions), advocating for a pluralistic India where different faiths coexist harmoniously, fostering an inclusive culture rooted in ethics, tolerance, and unity, rather than a separation of religion from public life. Unlike Western models that often advocate for a strict separation or even secularization (removal of religion from public life), Gandhi sought integration of ethical values from all religions into public life and governance, viewing religion as essential for a moral society, not a hindrance. In essence, Gandhi envisioned a secular India that wasn't anti-religious but rather religiously tolerant, emphasizing universal ethics and mutual respect over dogma, making it a unique model for multicultural societies. Key Principles of Gandhian Secularism comprise of a) State Neutrality: The state should be secular, ensuring freedom of religion for all citizens without showing preference or promoting any single faith, b) Religion as Personal: Religion is a private, spiritual pursuit, separate from statecraft, though deeply intertwined with morality and ethics, c) Sarva Dharma Sambhava: Equal respect and tolerance for all religions; no religion holds a monopoly on truth, leading to mutual respect, d) Unity in Diversity: A vision for India where all communities (Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis, etc.) belong equally and live together, forming a composite nation, e) Spiritual Politics: While separating the state from religion, Gandhi believed politics should be guided by spiritual and ethical principles (dharma) for the welfare of all (Sarvodaya), f) Interfaith Harmony: Encouraging dialogue and understanding between faiths, not conversion, to build bridges and reduce conflict, as seen in his friendships and public prayers.

कर्मकाण्ड विधि विषयक आचार्य दयानन्द की दो ग्रन्थ एक संस्कार विधि दूसरा पंच महायज्ञ विधि। उसके अलावा सत्यार्थ प्रकाश, ऋग्वेदादि भाष्य भूमिका में यथोचित वर्णन है। संस्कार विधि में दैनिक अग्निहोत्र को सामान्य प्रकरण में लिखते हुए उसका लगभग सभी संस्कारों के साथ विधिवत कर दिया है। ऋषि दयानन्द संस्कार विधि को कर्मकाण्ड का ग्रन्थ स्वीकार करते हुए लिखते हैं—
“इसमें प्रथम ईश्वर की स्तुति—प्रार्थना—उपासना, पुनः स्वस्तिवाचन, शान्ति प्रकरण, तदनन्तर सामान्य प्रकरण, पश्चात् गर्भाधानादि अन्त्येष्टि पर्यन्त सोलह संस्कार क्रमशः लिखे हैं, और यहाँ सब मन्त्रों का अर्थ नहीं लिखा है, क्योंकि इसमें कर्मकाण्ड का विधान है। इसलिए विशेषकर क्रिया-विधान लिखा है।”
इस शोध पत्र में हम निम्न बिन्दुओं पर विचार रखेंगे—
कर्मकाण्ड (विधि) के अन्तर्गत आचार्य दयानन्द किन-किन विषयों को मान्य करते हैं?
अग्निहोत्र विधि में अन्य सनातन विधि से क्या भिन्नता है और क्यों?
क्या दयानन्द यज्ञ विधि-विधान हेतु ज्योतिष को मानते हैं? या सनातन वैदिक शगुन विचार में अपना सिद्धान्त भिन्न रखते हैं।
दयानन्द ने अपने विचार से वैदिक परम्परा की स्थापना की है अथवा सम्प्रदायवाद की स्थापना की है—किंचित विमर्श।

भारत–जापान सम्बन्धों के मध्य वैश्विक व सामाजिक साझेदारी का एक अध्ययन भारत और जापान के बीच की मित्रता सदियों पुरानी है, जिसकी नींव बौद्ध धर्म के प्रसार के साथ रखी गई थी। दोनों देश अपनी वैश्विक व सामाजिक साझेदारी को मज़बूत करने के लिए निरंतर प्रयासरत रहे हैं। आधुनिक युग में यह सम्बन्ध केवल सांस्कृतिक आदान–प्रदान तक सीमित नहीं रहे, बल्कि एक व्यापक वैश्विक रणनीति और वैश्विक साझेदारी में बदल गये हैं। भारत–जापान के मध्य आपसी सम्बन्ध अत्यन्त मैत्रीपूर्ण रहे हैं। इन सम्बन्धों की जड़ें धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक रही हैं, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप दोनों देशों के बीच सम्बन्धों में निरन्तर विकास होता रहा है। जो सतत विकास के माध्यम से शान्ति, स्थिरता और आपसी सहयोग पर केन्द्रित है। उनकी साझेदारी साझा लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों, बहुलवाद, खुले समाज और कानून के शासन पर आधारित है। यह राजनीतिक, आर्थिक और रणनीतिक हितों के गहरे समन्वय को दर्शाती है। दोनों देश वैश्विक और क्षेत्रीय चुनौतियों का समाधान करने में एक-दूसरे को सक्षम भागीदार के रूप में देखते हैं।

उल्लेखनीय है कि राजनीतिक सम्बन्धों के पहले दशक में भारत और जापान ने महत्वपूर्ण उच्च स्तरीय आदान–प्रदान किये जिसमें 1957 में जापानी प्रधानमंत्री नोबुसुके किशी का भारत आगमन और उसी वर्ष प्रधानमंत्री नेहरू की टोक्यो यात्रा शामिल थी। बाद के दशकों में यात्राएँ थोड़ी धीमी हो गईं और 1980 के दशक तक कम उच्च स्तरीय यात्राएँ हुईं। हालांकि 1980 के दशक में जापान के सहयोग से भारत में मारुति–सुजुकी कार कम्पनी की स्थापना की गई। साथ ही भारत की सबसे अधिक सरकारी विकास सहायता (Official Development Assistance – ODA) जापान से ही प्राप्त हुई है। इसके अलावा भारत में बुनियादी सुविधाओं के विकास जैसे दिल्ली मेट्रो परियोजना तथा बुलेट ट्रेन के विकास में भी जापान का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान रहा है।

भारत व जापान के बीच 1952 में कूटनीतिक सम्बन्धों की स्थापना के बाद से ही सम्बन्धों का विस्तार होता रहा है। वर्तमान में जापान, चीन व भारत के बाद एशिया की तीसरी तथा विश्व की पाँचवीं सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था है। जापान भारत के लिए आर्थिक सहायता तथा आधुनिक तकनीकी का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत रहा है। यद्यपि शीत युद्ध काल में जापान सामरिक रूप से अमेरिका व एशियाई देशों के गुट के करीब रहा है, लेकिन भारत के साथ जापान की आर्थिक व विकास साझेदारी में कोई कमी नहीं आई। उत्तर–शीत युद्ध काल में भारत द्वारा किए गए आर्थिक सुधारों के बाद दोनों देशों की नीतियों के कारण व्यापार और सामाजिक सहयोग के अवसर बढ़े। दोनों देशों ने व्यापक आर्थिक साझेदारी समझौते को भी लागू किया।

चीन की सामरिक चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिए दोनों देशों के बीच एक साझा सामरिक दृष्टिकोण विकसित हुआ है। इसके अन्तर्गत दोनों देशों ने हिन्द–प्रशान्त क्षेत्र को मुक्त, स्वतंत्र तथा नियम–आधारित व्यवस्था की स्थापना के पक्ष में समर्थन दिया है। इसके लिए दोनों देशों ने अमेरिका तथा ऑस्ट्रेलिया के साथ मिलकर क्वाड नामक सामरिक सहयोग मंच की स्थापना की है। वास्तव में हिन्द–प्रशान्त क्षेत्र में इस प्रकार के सामरिक मंच की स्थापना का विचार सबसे पहले 2007 में जापान के तत्कालीन प्रधानमंत्री शिंजो आबे ने दिया था।

स्मरणीय है कि द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध से हुए नुकसान के बावजूद जापान ने तेजी से अपना आर्थिक विकास किया। वर्ष 2010 तक चीन के उदय से पूर्व जापान लंबे समय तक अमेरिका के बाद विश्व की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था रहा है। इसके बाद जर्मनी व भारत के आगे जाने के बाद इस समय जापान विश्व की पाँचवीं सबसे बड़ी तथा एशिया की तीसरी सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था है। भारत व जापान के साथ अपने सम्बन्धों को कितना महत्व देता है इसका प्रमाण इस बात से भी चलता है कि चीन के बाद जापान ही एकमात्र ऐसा देश है जिसके साथ भारत प्रति वर्ष शिखर सम्मेलनों के आयोजन की व्यवस्था करता है। दोनों देशों के बीच पहला शिखर सम्मेलन 2006 में आयोजित किया गया था। तब से लेकर अब तक दोनों देश निरंतर इन शिखर सम्मेलनों का आयोजन कर रहे हैं। ये शिखर सम्मेलन लगभग हर वर्ष आयोजित किए जाते हैं। ये शिखर सम्मेलन दोनों देशों के बीच उच्च–स्तरीय कूटनीतिक व सामरिक विचार–विमर्श के महत्वपूर्ण साधन हैं।

Digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged as central components of contemporary development strategies, reshaping economic production, governance mechanisms, and social relations worldwide. In India, digital transformation is widely promoted as a pathway to inclusive growth, administrative efficiency, and technological leadership. However, the diffusion of digital and AI-driven technologies remains deeply uneven, producing new forms of inequality while simultaneously reinforcing longstanding social hierarchies. This paper critically examines the digital divide in India in the context of the expanding use of artificial intelligence. Moving beyond a narrow understanding of the digital divide as a problem of internet access, the study conceptualizes digital inequality as a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing infrastructure, skills, usage, and socio-economic outcomes. Drawing on secondary data from scholarly literature, government policy documents, and reports by international organizations, the paper analyses how disparities based on class, gender, caste, region, and education shape unequal access to AI-enabled opportunities. It further explores the implications of these inequalities for education, employment, and digital governance. The study argues that without a socially grounded and ethically informed policy framework, AI-driven development risks deepening exclusion rather than promoting equity. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for inclusive digital governance, investment in digital capabilities, and human-centred AI policies to ensure that technological progress contributes to sustainable and equitable development in India.

It is common practice in India to enforce both the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 when accusations of sexual harassment involving minors are made in a workplace, especially an educational institution. To protect children under the age of 18, the POCSO Act establishes a criminal framework with mandatory reporting, child-friendly procedures, and stringent penalties; the POSH Act creates an internal inquiry mechanism focused on workplace discipline and victim redress through Internal Committees. There is no legislative provision that gives preference to one law over the other, even when there are overlaps in situations like these (e.g., when a minor student accuses an employee of misbehavior). Because they are separate processes with different goals— administrative remedies under POSH and criminal prosecution under POCSO—the courts have consistently held that the two processes run concurrently but separately. Courts have repeatedly ruled that results in one forum do not necessarily bind or remain binding in the other, due to varying standards of evidence (beyond a reasonable doubt vs. preponderance of probability), and Section 28 of the POSH Act makes it clear that it is not disparaging vis-à-vis other laws. This article outlines recommended practices for institutions to follow to provide victim protection, procedural fairness, and compliance without conflict, by analyzing the legal differences, overlaps, and practical consequences of concurrent proceedings. It finds that victim-centric goals are best served by advancing both processes simultaneously, but that coordinated evidence processing and child-sensitive techniques are necessary to reduce the likelihood of conflicts.

This paper explores the intricate relationship between traditional healing practices and religious beliefs among the Manger community of the Sikkim Himalayas. Traditional medicine, profoundly embedded in the Manger cultural system, operates within both personalistic and naturalistic paradigms, where illness is attributed to supernatural forces or natural imbalances. Ritual specialists, the primary healers in this system, employ diverse therapeutic methods, including herbal medicine, massage, and magico-religious rituals, often invoking cardinal directional deities. The healer-patient relationship extends beyond biomedical concerns, encompassing social and spiritual dimensions, with family members playing an integral role in the healing process. The research study highlights the significance of traditional healers in addressing culture-bound syndromes and other health issues, emphasizing the continued relevance of these practices despite the presence of modern biomedicine. Through an anthropological lens, this paper sheds light on the interplay between spirituality, healing, and cultural continuity among the Manger people.

The growing work pressures and changing work environments have increased concerns about employee stress and burnout, motivating this study to explore how HRM practices can effectively support and enhance overall employee well-being. Employee well-being is crucial for sustaining employee health, engagement, and long-term productivity, as it directly influences job satisfaction, performance, and organizational stability. The purpose of conducting this study is to evaluate the role of Human Resource Management Practices on Overall Employee Well-Being. The technique used for data analysis is One Sample t-test using R Studio. The findings of the study indicated that Better Work-Life Balance, Increased Engagement, Increased Employee Motivation, Enhanced Job Satisfaction, Reduced Stress and Burnout, Improved Mental Health, Job Security and Stability, Opportunities for Career Growth, Job Enrichment, Promotes Positive Organizational Culture, Employee Empowerment, and Workplace Flexibility are significant role of HRM practices on Overall Employee Well-Being. Further Studies can be conducted by Appling Regression and Structural Equation model.

Python lists are one of the most essential and widely used data structures in the Python programming language. They provide a powerful and flexible mechanism for storing, organizing, manipulating, and retrieving ordered collections of data. Unlike static arrays found in many traditional programming languages, Python lists are dynamic in nature, allowing their size to change during program execution. They also support heterogeneous data types, making them suitable for a broad range of applications. Due to these features, Python lists are extensively used in academic learning, software development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, automation, and scientific computing. This article presents a detailed and systematic study of Python lists, focusing on their definition, syntax, characteristics, internal memory representation, indexing mechanisms, and fundamental access techniques. The aim of this paper is to provide conceptual clarity and a strong foundational understanding of Python lists for students, educators, and researchers in computer science. Mastery of Python lists is crucial for understanding advanced data structures and for effectively utilizing Python-based libraries and frameworks in modern computing environments.

Healthy positive emotional development helps to establish individuals in society and in personal life and to form healthy social relationships. But healthy emotional development is possible in an individual's life only when he is free from mental stress. Co-curricular activities directly and indirectly help in the overall development of the individual. This helps the individual in reducing mental stress. Various subjects of art such as drama, drawing, physical exercise, dance, etc. The positive relationship between these two subjects has been discussed in the present article. Various books, websites, journals, etc. have been used to complete this discussion. This is a qualitative type of research.

This study presents the design, production, testing and life-cycle assessment of a locally-produced carbon-neutral concrete (CNC) mix for use in infrastructure in the Kolkata metropolitan region (West Bengal, India). The mix replaces a portion of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with industrial by-products (fly-ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, calcined clay) as partial cement replacement in M35 grade concrete and incorporates CO₂ mineralisation technology. A full cost–strength–CO₂ emissions sensitivity analysis is carried out for a typical 1,000 m³ volume. Results show a reduction of embodied CO₂ by ~X % relative to a conventional M30 mix, with comparable 28-day compressive strength of ~Y MPa, and cost impact of only +/- Z %. The study also includes durability testing (water absorption, chlorideingress), and presents implementation recommendations for local concrete producers and infrastructure owners. The outcomes support the transition to low-carbon infrastructure in India.

Belief in supernatural events, elfs and spirits shaping human destiny and the knack for tracing imprints of imitable ‘ways of life’ by courtesy the ennobling examples set by characters in myths and legends, have been the features of literature(s) from time immemorial and in the Indian context, these have actuated writerly concerns from the time of the epics down to that of the recent pandemic. The repositing of the self in terms of the society which is further built up with a palimpsest of values and cultural inputs accrued in the collective consciousness over generations, forms more or less the crux of Indian literature both in the colonial and postcolonial literature. The ‘worldcreating’ dimension of words in India’s Katha literature as utilized in the works of nationalist writers like Anand and Narayan, the strong ‘spirit of place’ in the novels of Raja Rao, the ‘rootedness’ of Narayan’s Malgudi as a quintessential Indian town in respect of its ‘mythic realism’ and the proliferative use of fables and folktales permeating the warp and woof of literatures of India’s North-east, unmistakably testify to how myths and legends, in overt or oblique ways, are incorporated in the creation of literature. The present article focuses on the role of myth in some major novels of R. K. Narayan and some selective poems of North-east India.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduces the 4-year Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) as a significant and comprehensive educational reform with focuses on strengthening teacher education in India. This study focuses on the importance of ITEP as a radical change in dealing with some persistent limitations of conventional and traditional teacher education programmes by incorporating disciplinary knowledge, pedagogical theory and practical training in one undergraduate framework. Applying the exploratory research design, the published policy documents, and associated literature articles are examined to comprehend the opportunities as well as the challenges as far as the implementation of ITEP in the Manipur state. The findings highlight the potential of the programme with regard to achieving the following: the production of professionally qualified and competent teachers, enhancing the institutional strengthening, holistic development, education reform, and employment opportunities while also drawing an attention on some critical implementation issues like institutional readiness, curriculum integration, infrastructure gaps, financial constraints, and shortage of well-qualified faculty, etc. The study concludes with the research suggesting certain policy responses that could be put into place by policy makers, administrators and educators of teacher training to successfully put ITEP into practice and realise its transformative possibilities in the redesign of the teacher education scenario in Manipur.

Arunachal Pradesh, previously referred to as the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA), is a northeastern Indian state possessing a profound historical and archaeological legacy. Esteemed for its varied ethnic populations and distinctive geography, it encompasses significant locations like the archaeological site at Malinithan, established in the 13th–14th centuries CE. This location showcases a mediaeval temple adorned with sculptures of deities like Indra and Ganesh and is harmoniously situated within the local topography, particularly its closeness to the Brahmaputra plains and other waterways. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable the investigation of site distribution and environmental contexts, emphasising the impacts of terrain and resources on ancient communities. The research highlights the significance of GIS in archaeological methodologies, underscoring its contribution to heritage preservation and planning, along with its capacity to clarify the cultural landscapes of Arunachal Pradesh.

This paper attempts at a Study on property tax system in India, An analytical study on Kalaburagi city of Karnataka State, in the performance of implementing property tax reforms through unit area method of valuation and self-assessment schemes. Kalaburagi is a city where the results of implementation of these reforms were not up to the mark whereas other cities could achieve considerable success. The main objective of the paper is to explain the differences in the extent of the success in achieving the desired outcomes in the city. There has been a decrease in number of assessed properties in Kalaburagi city. The main findings suggest that it is a combination of policy and administrative factors which are responsible to create differences in performances of the city. Optimal progressivity in tax rates, better coverage and collection ratios, better service delivery, better living conditions and a more stable property market are the major factors contributing to a better performance in property tax collection in Kalaburagi.

Language acquisition is a complex cognitive and social process in which the learner’s first language (L1), commonly known as the mother tongue, plays a crucial role. In multilingual contexts like India, learners often acquire English as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL), and their mother tongue significantly influences pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and discourse patterns. This paper examines the influence of the mother tongue on the acquisition of the English language, highlighting both positive and negative effects. Using a qualitative-descriptive methodology supported by secondary sources, the study reviews year-wise literature to understand how L1 transfer affects second language learning. The findings reveal that while mother tongue interference may cause errors in phonology and syntax, strategic use of L1 can facilitate comprehension, confidence, and cognitive development. The study underscores the pedagogical significance of integrating mother tongue support in English language teaching for effective and inclusive learning.

यह शोध पत्र ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक शासन के अधीन भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के दो प्रमुख स्तंभों कृषि और पारंपरिक हस्तशिल्प के ह्रास की प्रक्रिया और उसके कारणों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है शोध का मुख्य केंद्र बिंदु यह पड़ताल करना है कि किस प्रकार ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी और तत्पश्चात ब्रिटिश क्राउन की आर्थिक नीतियों ने भारत की सदियों पुरानी आत्मनिर्भर ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था को एक 'औपनिवेशिक उपभोज्य अर्थव्यवस्था'  में परिवर्तित कर दिया। कृषि के संदर्भ में, यह पत्र नई भू-राजस्व प्रणालियों (जैसे स्थायी बंदोबस्त और रैयतवारी) और कृषि के जबरन वाणिज्यिकरण के दुष्प्रभावों को रेखांकित करता है, जिसने कृषकों को ऋणग्रस्तता और अकाल की ओर धकेला। दूसरी ओर, पारंपरिक उद्योगों के क्षेत्र में, यह शोध 'वि-औद्योगिकीकरण' की प्रक्रिया का परीक्षण करता है, जहाँ ब्रिटिश मशीनी उत्पादों की प्रतिस्पर्धा और विभेदात्मक टैरिफ नीतियों ने भारतीय वस्त्र और धातु उद्योगों को नष्ट कर दिया अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष दर्शाते हैं कि कृषि और उद्योगों का यह पतन केवल आर्थिक परिवर्तन नहीं था, बल्कि एक सुनियोजित 'धन का निष्कासन' था, जिसने भारतीय सामाजिक-आर्थिक ढांचे में संरचनात्मक विकृतियाँ पैदा कीं  यह शोध प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों के आधार पर यह तर्क प्रस्तुत करता है कि औपनिवेशिक नीतियों ने आधुनिक भारतीय आर्थिक पिछड़ेपन की नींव रखी।

This study assessed the effectiveness of the Kilos Unlad (KU) Framework as a social case management strategy for improving the multi-dimensional well-being of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries in Lumbayanague, Lanao del Sur. Using a mixed-methods research design, quantitative data were collected from 242 beneficiaries to examine their level of engagement with the KU Framework and its perceived effects on economic, social, psychological, and health well-being. Qualitative data were gathered through interviews with case managers and service providers to explore implementation challenges and mechanisms for improvement. Findings revealed generally high engagement among beneficiaries, particularly in KU activities, although understanding of specific KU tasks indicated a need for improved orientation. The KU Framework was perceived as effective in enhancing financial literacy, family relationships, community participation, confidence, motivation, emotional resilience, and preventive health behaviors. However, income stability remained a persistent challenge, highlighting structural and resource-related constraints. Qualitative insights supported these results, emphasizing improvements in self-sufficiency, social cohesion, stress management, and health awareness, while also identifying resource limitations, logistical issues, and the need for stronger policy and institutional support.

This study examined the perceived effects of inflation on faculty members and administrative staff in selected colleges of Mindanao State University–Marawi City, adopting a comparative approach. Inflation, characterized by a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services, has been a persistent economic challenge affecting individuals’ financial stability and socio-cultural well-being. The study aimed to determine how employees perceive the economic and socio-cultural impacts of inflation and to identify the coping strategies they employ to manage its effects. A total of 100 respondents, comprising faculty members and administrative staff from the Colleges of Public Administration (CPA), Business Administration and Accountancy (CBAA), Agriculture (COA), Education (COE), and Social Sciences and Humanities (CSSH), participated in the study through a structured survey questionnaire. Respondents’ socio-economic profiles—including age, income, employment status, length of service, and educational attainment—were also considered as factors influencing their perceptions. Data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods to identify differences between faculty and administrative staff in terms of perceived effects and coping strategies. Findings revealed that inflation significantly impacts employees’ economic well-being, particularly in terms of reduced purchasing power, increased household expenses, and challenges in savings and financial planning. Socio-cultural effects were also evident, with respondents reporting adjustments in lifestyle, social interactions, and family responsibilities. Faculty members and administrative staff employed various coping strategies, such as budgeting, prioritizing essential expenses, seeking additional income, and relying on institutional or social support, to mitigate the adverse effects of inflation. Differences were observed between the two groups, with administrative staff reporting higher levels of perceived economic stress, while faculty members demonstrated more diversified coping mechanisms. The study concludes that inflation exerts multifaceted effects on employees’ financial and socio-cultural well-being, highlighting the need for institutional interventions and welfare programs that support employee stability and resilience. The findings provide valuable insights for university administrators and policymakers in designing strategies to alleviate the impact of inflation on public sector employees in higher education.

The democratic evolution of Nepal has been characterized by recurring cycles of mobilisation, constitution-making and elite￾centred governance which has drawn popular frustration. The transition from Jan Andolan-era street mobilization to a digital political revolution led by Gen Z, sparked in 2025 by social media restrictions, corruption, joblessness and distrust of established parties, is under the scanner in the present paper. The study, based on a mixed-method secondary-data design, employs a historical￾comparative analysis and a trend analysis of internet penetration, social media user identities, selected electoral indicators, Freedom House scores and qualitative evidence from verified institutional and media sources. Nepal’s democratic mobilization has undergone three broad phases, according to the paper: street-based democratic resistance, post-republican institutional consolidation and platform based democratic disruption. According to the findings, the internet penetration increased from 35.0% in 2020 to 55.8% in 2025. Furthermore, the identity of social media users increased from 10.0 million to 14.3 million during this period. However, the analysis warns us not to think that the growth of the digital is, in itself, a democratic deepening. Gen Z mobilization 2025 showcased rapid agenda-setting, decentralized coordination, and robust anti-corruption symbolism. However, it also revealed risks from misinformation, weak representation, state repression, and fragile negotiations with institutions. The study concludes that if we relate digital activism with constitutionalism, civil education, youth inclusion, accountable public institutions and platform governance respecting citizen rights, then digital activism can reboot democracy in Nepal. 

Ahilyabai Holkar (1725–1795), the celebrated ruler of the Malwa kingdom, is widely acknowledged for her administrative excellence and extensive temple reconstruction across India. However, her role in fostering academic enrichment and intellectual culture remains underexplored in mainstream historiography. This paper examines her contribution to the promotion of Sanskrit scholarship, institutional learning, manuscript preservation, and knowledge patronage during the eighteenth century. By situating her governance within the broader intellectual climate of early modern India, the study argues that Ahilyabai Holkar played a pivotal role in sustaining indigenous educational systems at a time of political transition. Her reign transformed Maheshwar into a vibrant center of intellectual activity, reinforcing the symbiotic relationship between statecraft and scholarship.